Haematology and Blood

Question 1

Name the condition caused by variation of Hb.

Answer 1

too low - anaemia
too high - polycythaemia

Question 2

Name the causes of polycythaemia.

Answer 2

Polycythaemia vera - a myeloproliferative disorder where the bone marrow produces excess RBCs

COPD - Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
A group of lung conditions that cause breathing difficulty

Living at an altitude

Exogenous EPO - used by Professional cyclists

Question 3

Name the conditions and sub-conditions of Anaemia.

Answer 3

Depending on MCV :
Microcytic: low MCV
Normocytic : normal MCV
Macrocytic : High MCV

Question 4

Name the things that cause each subtype of anaemia

Answer 4

Microcytic anaemia
- Anaemia of inflammation
chronic inflammatory condition lowering haemoglobin over time
- iron deficiency
could be caused by blood loss, Celiac Disease, poor dietary intake
- thalassemia
an inherited condition where there’s a reduction in the amount of haemoglobin produced

Normocytic anaemia
- Anaemia of inflammation
- myeloma
Bone marrow cancer that results in pancytopenia (red and white cells and platelets are low)
- acute blood loss

Macrocytic anaemia
- B12/Folate deficiency
- Haemolysis - can be caused by infection, autoimmune haemolysis or a condition called spherocytosis - where RBCs are spherical rather than biconcave
- Chronic alcohol consumption
- Hypothyroidism

Question 5

What’s Haematocrit (Hct)?
Another name for HcT
What can affect it?

Answer 5

Hct is the percentage of blood that is made of RBCs
Packed Cell Volume (PCV)
It can be affected by the number of red cells or the volume of blood plasma

Question 6

Name the condition caused by variation of WBC?

Answer 6

too high - leucocytosis
too low - Leucopenia

Question 7

….

Question 8

Name the condition caused by the variation of platelets.

Answer 8

too high - thrombocytosis
too low - thrombocytopenia

Question 9

Name the different types of WBC in a white cell differential count and name conditions that it could be when elevated.

Answer 9

lymphocyte - viral infections
neutrophil - a bacterial infection
basophil - atopy
eosinophil - atopy / parasitic infection

Question 10

Another name for Hct.

Answer 10

Packed Cell Volume (PCV)

Question 11

Formulae for MCV

Answer 11

HcT/RBC

Question 12

Formulae for MCH

Answer 12

Hb/RBC

Question 13

Name the disciplines of BMS.
Categories: Infectious sciences (2)
Cellular Sciences (3)
Blood Sciences (4)

Question 14

Describe the 3 analytical stages of caring for a patient

Question 15

Define Phlebotomy

Answer 15

Drawing of blood

Question 16

What is the reason to putting blood sample in vacutainers with anticoagulants in?

Question 17

Name the possible errors while taking blood.

Question 18

Define Haematology.

Answer 18

the study of morphology and physiology of blood

Question 19

What does the haematology department do?

Answer 19

The haematology department diagnose and monitor conditions to do with the blood and blood related diseases.

Question 20

Name a few conditions that haematology looks into.

Answer 20

Anaemia
Leukaemia

Question 21

Define:
Haemopoiesis
Thrombopoiesis
erythropoiesis
granulopoiesis

Answer 21

Haemopoiesis
Making of blood

Thrombopoiesis
Making of platelets

erythropoiesis
the making of RBCs

granulopoiesis
making of WBCs

Question 22

Name the 4 types of Haemopoiesis assessments.

Answer 22

1) FBC - Full blood Count
2) reticulocyte count
3) Bone marrow aspiration
4) Trephine Biopsy

Question 23

Name the main components of blood and the percentages of each component

Answer 23

Blood -
Plasma - 55%
cellular components - 45%

Plasma:
91% water
7% plasma proteins such as fibrinogen, albumin and globulin
0.1% - electrolytes

Cellular components
RBC - 95%
WBC - 0.1%
platelets - 4.9%

Question 24

Approx number of Hb molecules in each RBC

Answer 24

20 million

Question 25

Where does the oxygen bind?

Answer 25

Haem group

Question 26

What is Hb made up of?

Answer 26

4 subunits with a polypeptide chain on each subunit and 1 haem group

Question 27

Whats held in the centre of Hb?

Answer 27

In each chain of Hb a Haem that holds Ferrous - Fe2+ in its centre

Question 28

Name the