Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pre-reg revision > Haematology > Flashcards

Haematology Flashcards

1
Q

What are symptoms of hypokalaemia?

A

Often asymptomatic

Severe:

  • Muscle weakness
  • confusion
  • ECG changes (ST wave depression) - leading to arrhythmias / tachycardia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are symptoms of hyperkalaemia?

A

Often asymptomatic

Ventricular fibrillation
Cardiac arrest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are symptoms of hyponatraemia?

A 
N&V
Headache 
Confusion
Drowsiness, fatigue 
Restlessness / irritability 
Muscle weakness, spasms or cramps 
Seizures
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are 6 drug causes of hyponatraemia?

A 
SSRIs
Diuretics
PPIs
Chemotherapies (vincristine)
Carbamazepine 
Sulfonylureas e.g. gliclazide
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are 8 drug causes of hypokalaemia?

A 
Diuretics (Loop and thiazide)
Laxatives 
Insulin
Corticosteroids 
Enemas 
Theophylline 
High dose B2 agonists 
Sodium bicarbonate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which 6 drugs are associated with hyperkalaemia?

A 
K+ sparing diuretics e.g. spironolactone 
ACEi
Trimethoprim
NSAIDs
ARBs
Potassium-replacement therapy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Should you replace potassium in hypokalaemia caused by diuretics?

A

Best to just switch to potassium-sparing diuretics.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are SEs of potassium salt replacement?

A

N&V

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is classed a severe hyperkalaemia?

A

> 6.5 mmol/L or the presence of ECG changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How do you treat acute severe hyperkalaemia?

A

Calcium gluconate 10%
Soluble insulin with 50mL gluocose 50%
Salbutamol nebs or IV

Correct causative acidosis with sodium bicarb IV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How do you treat hyponatraemia?

A

Saline IV

Mild/moderate: sodium chloride or bicarb.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is given for chronic acidotic states, such as uraemic acidosis?

A

Sodium bicarbonate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a never-event associated with IV potassium?

A

Mis-selection of strong potassium (>10%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the max conc potassium can be given peripherally?

A

40 mmol/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the maximum rate IV potassium can be given?

A

20 mmol/hour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How is high strength potassium chloride safety ensured?

A

Only used pre-mixed bags
Store separately
Clearly identifiable from other strengths

17
Q

When is calcium requirement higher?

A 
Childhood
Pregnancy 
Lactation
Old age
Impaired absorption
18
Q

How do you treat acute severe hypocalcaemia?

A

Calcium Gluconate 10% (monitor plasma-calcium + ECG)

19
Q

How do you treat severe hypercalcaemia?

A
  1. Correct dehydration first
  2. Discontinue drugs which cause hypercalcaemia e.g. thiazides + vit D compounds
  3. Bisphosphonates to inhibit mobilisation of calcium from skeleton - pamidronate best
  4. Corticosteroids
  5. Calcitonin can be used if malignancy is cause
20
Q

How is hypercalciuria managed?

A
  1. Identify cause + treat
  2. Increase fluid intake
    3 Bendroflumethiazide
21
Q

How do you treat severely low phosphate?

A

Sodium glycerophosphate

22
Q

What are 3 drugs associated with hypernatraemia?

A

Lithium, mannitol, amphotericin

23
Q

What are 2 drugs associated with hypomagnesaemia?

A

Diuretics

PPIs

24
Q

What are 3 drugs associated with hypermagnesaemia?

A

Laxatives
Antacids
Mg supplements

25
Q

What are 5 drugs associated with hypocalcaemia?

A 
Bisphosphonates 
Calcitonin
PPIs
Phosphate binders e.g. cinacalcet 
Antiepileptics e.g. carbamazepine
26
Q

What are drugs associated with hypercalaemia?

A

Diuretics
Lithium
Calcium gluconate
Antacids

27
Q

What are 3 causes of hyperphosphatemia??

A

Phosphate-containing enemas
Vit D replacement
Phosphate supplements

28
Q

What are 2 forms of metabolic acidosis?

A

Ketoacidosis

Lactic acidosis

29
Q

What is ketoacidosis?

A

The body stops metabolising glucose and starts to metabolize free fatty acid - FFAs are converted by liver to anions, causing high anion cap.

30
Q

What is lactic acidosis?

A

Excess formation of lactate/inability to utilize it which overwhelms the bodies system for eliminating it

31
Q

What is alkalosis

A

pH > 7.45

Pre-reg revision (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions