Haematology Flashcards
Site where haemapoiesis takes place
Bone Marrow
What influences haemapoietic stem cells to give rise to progenitor cells of either a lymphoid or myeloid origin?
Growth factors
Define fibrinolysis
lysing a clot
Give the 3 major causes of thrombosis suggested by virchows triad.
- )Blood vessel
- )Blood flow
- )Blood Components
Give the difference between plasma and serum.
Plasma is composed of water as well as clotting factors and other dissolved proteins, glucose, minerals, ions, hormones and carbon dioxide. Serum is plasma with no fibrinogen or other clotting factors.
Major sites of blood cell production in foetal life.
- Yolk sac, liver and spleen
Major sites of blood cell production in adults 20yo>
- Vertebrae, sternum, pelvic bone and ribs
What produces clotting factors?
liver
Where do stem cells circulate in small numbers?
Peripheral blood
What cells arise from the lymphoid lineage?
-B-lymphocytes, T lymphocytes and Natural Killer cell
What cells arise from the myeloid lineage?
-Granulocytes= neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils and monocytes; Platelets and Red blood cells.
Which progentor cells gives rise to platelets?
Megakaryocytes
What do the adhesion and chemokine receptors on haemopoetic stem cells allow for in the marrow space?
for attachment to cellular and stromal matrix.
Where else can you find HSM other than the blood and bone marrow?
spleen
What is the daily production of RBC and platelets in an adult?
2.5 billion/ kg body weight
Life span of RBC
120 DAYS
Life span of platelets
7-10 days
examples of haematological malignancies
-leukaemias, lymphoma. myeloproliferative disease, myelodysplastic syndromes
examples of lab tests in haem
FBC, Differentil count and film/slide examination; bone marrow aspiration, trephine biopsy, immunophenotyping
Structure of RBC
- Iron, Porphyrin ring with (haem), 4 globin chains
Building blocks of eythropoiesis
- folate, vitamin b12, amino acids, iron and lipids
functions of RBC
- transport Oxygen & is an acid buffer
What hormone regulates erythropoeisis
erythropoietin
where is EPO produced?
- kiney (90%) & liver (10%)
What increases the production of EPO?
-Anaemia, hypoxaemia, defective CVS or pulmonary funtion, decreased renal circulation
where are old/ damaged RBC broken down?
spleen
what are RBC broken down to (extravascular) ?
- globin to amino cids and haem to bilirubin
what happens to the products of the broken down RBC
the amino acids are recycled and the bilirubin stays in the system to be transformed and used elsewhere in the body
Symptoms of anemia
- shortness of breath when exercising, weakness, lethargy, palpitations, headaches, cardiac failure
sign of anemia
- pale conjuctiva
causes of anemia
- decreased production of RBC, increased destruction of RBC, loss of RBC
3 categories of sizes of RBC
- Microcytic, normocytic and macrocytic
If there is a low production in anemia what could potentially be the problem?
hypoproliferation leading to low numbers of reticulocytes
If there is a high production in anemia what could potentially be the problem?
haemolysis/ blood loss
difference between a mature RBC and a reticulocyte
a RBC has no RNA in its cytoplasm
what organ is the chief of production of myeloid and lymphoid cells in fetal life?
liver
what is the bone marrow cellularity in neonates? (hp/fc)
100/0
needle used to collect an aspirate or biopsy from pt
Jamshide Needle
site where you typically collect an aspirate or biopsy
iliac crest
structure of a spleen
- capsule, trabeculae, artery and vein, white and red pulp and a vascular sinusoid
Function of the white pulp
control intergrity of RBC and remove howell jolly bodies and to also trap and enguld aged and abnormal RBC and illicit immune response
name 3 conditions associted with the spleen
hyposplenism, hypersplenism and splenomegaly
causes of splenomegaly
liver disease, inflammation and infections
what is characterized by hypersplenism
reduction of atleast one cell line in the blood and enlargement of the spleen
function of the spleen
filters blood, becomes the detector after production
