Haematology

Question 1

Site where haemapoiesis takes place

Answer 1

Bone Marrow

Question 2

What influences haemapoietic stem cells to give rise to progenitor cells of either a lymphoid or myeloid origin?

Answer 2

Growth factors

Question 3

Define fibrinolysis

Answer 3

lysing a clot

Question 4

Give the 3 major causes of thrombosis suggested by virchows triad.

Answer 4

1. )Blood vessel
2. )Blood flow
3. )Blood Components

Question 5

Give the difference between plasma and serum.

Answer 5

Plasma is composed of water as well as clotting factors and other dissolved proteins, glucose, minerals, ions, hormones and carbon dioxide. Serum is plasma with no fibrinogen or other clotting factors.

Question 6

Major sites of blood cell production in foetal life.

Answer 6

• Yolk sac, liver and spleen

Question 7

Major sites of blood cell production in adults 20yo>

Answer 7

• Vertebrae, sternum, pelvic bone and ribs

Question 8

What produces clotting factors?

Answer 8

liver

Question 9

Where do stem cells circulate in small numbers?

Answer 9

Peripheral blood

Question 10

What cells arise from the lymphoid lineage?

Answer 10

-B-lymphocytes, T lymphocytes and Natural Killer cell

Question 11

What cells arise from the myeloid lineage?

Answer 11

-Granulocytes= neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils and monocytes; Platelets and Red blood cells.

Question 12

Which progentor cells gives rise to platelets?

Answer 12

Megakaryocytes

Question 13

What do the adhesion and chemokine receptors on haemopoetic stem cells allow for in the marrow space?

Answer 13

for attachment to cellular and stromal matrix.

Question 14

Where else can you find HSM other than the blood and bone marrow?

Answer 14

spleen

Question 15

What is the daily production of RBC and platelets in an adult?

Answer 15

2.5 billion/ kg body weight

Question 16

Life span of RBC

Answer 16

120 DAYS

Question 17

Life span of platelets

Answer 17

7-10 days

Question 18

examples of haematological malignancies

Answer 18

-leukaemias, lymphoma. myeloproliferative disease, myelodysplastic syndromes

Question 19

examples of lab tests in haem

Answer 19

FBC, Differentil count and film/slide examination; bone marrow aspiration, trephine biopsy, immunophenotyping

Question 20

Structure of RBC

Answer 20

• Iron, Porphyrin ring with (haem), 4 globin chains

Question 21

Building blocks of eythropoiesis

Answer 21

• folate, vitamin b12, amino acids, iron and lipids

Question 22

functions of RBC

Answer 22

• transport Oxygen & is an acid buffer

Question 23

What hormone regulates erythropoeisis

Answer 23

erythropoietin

Question 24

where is EPO produced?

Answer 24

• kiney (90%) & liver (10%)

Question 25

What increases the production of EPO?

Answer 25

-Anaemia, hypoxaemia, defective CVS or pulmonary funtion, decreased renal circulation

Question 26

where are old/ damaged RBC broken down?

Answer 26

spleen

Question 27

what are RBC broken down to (extravascular) ?

Answer 27

- globin to amino cids and haem to bilirubin

Question 28

what happens to the products of the broken down RBC

Answer 28

the amino acids are recycled and the bilirubin stays in the system to be transformed and used elsewhere in the body

Question 29

Symptoms of anemia

Answer 29

- shortness of breath when exercising, weakness, lethargy, palpitations, headaches, cardiac failure

Question 30

sign of anemia

Answer 30

- pale conjuctiva

Question 31

causes of anemia

Answer 31

- decreased production of RBC, increased destruction of RBC, loss of RBC

Question 32

3 categories of sizes of RBC

Answer 32

- Microcytic, normocytic and macrocytic

Question 33

If there is a low production in anemia what could potentially be the problem?

Answer 33

hypoproliferation leading to low numbers of reticulocytes

Question 34

If there is a high production in anemia what could potentially be the problem?

Answer 34

haemolysis/ blood loss

Question 35

difference between a mature RBC and a reticulocyte

Answer 35

a RBC has no RNA in its cytoplasm

Question 36

what organ is the chief of production of myeloid and lymphoid cells in fetal life?

Answer 36

liver

Question 37

what is the bone marrow cellularity in neonates? (hp/fc)

Answer 37

100/0

Question 38

needle used to collect an aspirate or biopsy from pt

Answer 38

Jamshide Needle

Question 39

site where you typically collect an aspirate or biopsy

Answer 39

iliac crest

Question 40

structure of a spleen

Answer 40

- capsule, trabeculae, artery and vein, white and red pulp and a vascular sinusoid

Question 41

Function of the white pulp

Answer 41

control intergrity of RBC and remove howell jolly bodies and to also trap and enguld aged and abnormal RBC and illicit immune response

Question 42

name 3 conditions associted with the spleen

Answer 42

hyposplenism, hypersplenism and splenomegaly

Question 43

causes of splenomegaly

Answer 43

liver disease, inflammation and infections

Question 44

what is characterized by hypersplenism

Answer 44

reduction of atleast one cell line in the blood and enlargement of the spleen

Question 45

function of the spleen

Answer 45

filters blood, becomes the detector after production