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Medicine > Haematology > Flashcards

Haematology Flashcards

1
Q

Site where haemapoiesis takes place

A

Bone Marrow

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2
Q

What influences haemapoietic stem cells to give rise to progenitor cells of either a lymphoid or myeloid origin?

A

Growth factors

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3
Q

Define fibrinolysis

A

lysing a clot

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4
Q

Give the 3 major causes of thrombosis suggested by virchows triad.

A
  1. )Blood vessel
  2. )Blood flow
  3. )Blood Components
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5
Q

Give the difference between plasma and serum.

A

Plasma is composed of water as well as clotting factors and other dissolved proteins, glucose, minerals, ions, hormones and carbon dioxide. Serum is plasma with no fibrinogen or other clotting factors.

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6
Q

Major sites of blood cell production in foetal life.

A
  • Yolk sac, liver and spleen
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7
Q

Major sites of blood cell production in adults 20yo>

A
  • Vertebrae, sternum, pelvic bone and ribs
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8
Q

What produces clotting factors?

A

liver

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9
Q

Where do stem cells circulate in small numbers?

A

Peripheral blood

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10
Q

What cells arise from the lymphoid lineage?

A

-B-lymphocytes, T lymphocytes and Natural Killer cell

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11
Q

What cells arise from the myeloid lineage?

A

-Granulocytes= neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils and monocytes; Platelets and Red blood cells.

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12
Q

Which progentor cells gives rise to platelets?

A

Megakaryocytes

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13
Q

What do the adhesion and chemokine receptors on haemopoetic stem cells allow for in the marrow space?

A

for attachment to cellular and stromal matrix.

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14
Q

Where else can you find HSM other than the blood and bone marrow?

A

spleen

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15
Q

What is the daily production of RBC and platelets in an adult?

A

2.5 billion/ kg body weight

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16
Q

Life span of RBC

A

120 DAYS

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17
Q

Life span of platelets

A

7-10 days

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18
Q

examples of haematological malignancies

A

-leukaemias, lymphoma. myeloproliferative disease, myelodysplastic syndromes

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19
Q

examples of lab tests in haem

A

FBC, Differentil count and film/slide examination; bone marrow aspiration, trephine biopsy, immunophenotyping

20
Q

Structure of RBC

A
  • Iron, Porphyrin ring with (haem), 4 globin chains
21
Q

Building blocks of eythropoiesis

A
  • folate, vitamin b12, amino acids, iron and lipids
22
Q

functions of RBC

A
  • transport Oxygen & is an acid buffer
23
Q

What hormone regulates erythropoeisis

A

erythropoietin

24
Q

where is EPO produced?

A
  • kiney (90%) & liver (10%)
25
Q

What increases the production of EPO?

A

-Anaemia, hypoxaemia, defective CVS or pulmonary funtion, decreased renal circulation

26
Q

where are old/ damaged RBC broken down?

A

spleen

27
Q

what are RBC broken down to (extravascular) ?

A
  • globin to amino cids and haem to bilirubin
28
Q

what happens to the products of the broken down RBC

A

the amino acids are recycled and the bilirubin stays in the system to be transformed and used elsewhere in the body

29
Q

Symptoms of anemia

A
  • shortness of breath when exercising, weakness, lethargy, palpitations, headaches, cardiac failure
30
Q

sign of anemia

A
  • pale conjuctiva
31
Q

causes of anemia

A
  • decreased production of RBC, increased destruction of RBC, loss of RBC
32
Q

3 categories of sizes of RBC

A
  • Microcytic, normocytic and macrocytic
33
Q

If there is a low production in anemia what could potentially be the problem?

A

hypoproliferation leading to low numbers of reticulocytes

34
Q

If there is a high production in anemia what could potentially be the problem?

A

haemolysis/ blood loss

35
Q

difference between a mature RBC and a reticulocyte

A

a RBC has no RNA in its cytoplasm

36
Q

what organ is the chief of production of myeloid and lymphoid cells in fetal life?

A

liver

37
Q

what is the bone marrow cellularity in neonates? (hp/fc)

A

100/0

38
Q

needle used to collect an aspirate or biopsy from pt

A

Jamshide Needle

39
Q

site where you typically collect an aspirate or biopsy

A

iliac crest

40
Q

structure of a spleen

A
  • capsule, trabeculae, artery and vein, white and red pulp and a vascular sinusoid
41
Q

Function of the white pulp

A

control intergrity of RBC and remove howell jolly bodies and to also trap and enguld aged and abnormal RBC and illicit immune response

42
Q

name 3 conditions associted with the spleen

A

hyposplenism, hypersplenism and splenomegaly

43
Q

causes of splenomegaly

A

liver disease, inflammation and infections

44
Q

what is characterized by hypersplenism

A

reduction of atleast one cell line in the blood and enlargement of the spleen

45
Q

function of the spleen

A

filters blood, becomes the detector after production

Medicine (3 decks)

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