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Y3 Core Conditions > Haematology > Flashcards

Haematology Flashcards

1
Q

Anaemia

A

A decrease in HB in the blood below the reference level for the age and sex of the individual.
<135g/L for men
<115g/L for women

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2
Q

Types of Anaemia

A

Microcytic: Anaemia with small RBC, Low MCV
Normochromic: Normal RBC but anaemic MCV
Macrocytic: Anaemia with large RBC, high MCV
Hypochromic: pale looking RBC due to low MCV

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3
Q

Anaemic conditions with Low MCV

A

Iron deficiency
Thalassaemia
Anaemia of Chronic Disease
Sideroblastic Anaemia

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4
Q

Anaemic conditions with Normal MCV

A 
Acute blood loss
Anaemia of Chronic DIsease
Renal Failure
Autoimmune rheumatic diseaes
Marrow infiltration/ fibrosis
Endocrine Disease
Haemolytic Anaemias
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5
Q

Anaemic Conditions with High MCV

A

Vitamin B12 or folate deficiency

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6
Q

Iron Deficiency Anaemia

A

A common microcytic anaemia caused by low insufficient iron in the body to support red blood cell production

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7
Q

Causes of Iron deficient Anaemia

A

Excessive blood loss: menorrhagia, trauma, epistaxis, following blood donation, malignancy
Increased demand: pregnancy, rapid growth
Reduced intake: Diet, Malabsorption

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8
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Anaemia

A

Fatigue, headaches, faintness, SOB, hair loss, tinnitus, angina, palpitations, pallor, koilonychia, angular cheilitis, atrophic glossitis, tachycardia, systolic flow murmur

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9
Q

Differentials for Anaemia (TAILS)

A 
Thalassaemia 
Anaemia of chronic disease
Iron deficiency 
Lead poisoning 
Sideroblastic anaemia (congenital)
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10
Q

Investigations for Iron Deficient Anaemia

A
  • FBC: low MHC, Low MCV, poikilocytosis (variation in shape), anisocytosis (variation in size)
  • Positive Serum Ferritin confirms Iron deficiency anaemia
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11
Q

Treating Iron Deficient Anaemia

A

Iron supplementation: Ferrous Sulphate

Blood transfusion

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12
Q

Side effects of Iron Supplements

A

Constipation, black stools, diarrhoea, heartburn, abdominal pain

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13
Q

Macrocytic Anaemia

A

Vitamin B12 or folate deficiency. Problem in the synthesis of RBC as opposed to microcytic which is due to deficient haemoglobin production

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14
Q

Who is commonly affected by Macrocytic Anaemia

A

Peak age is 60yo

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15
Q

Megaloblastic

A

Macrocytic anaemia due to folate/ B12 deficiency

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16
Q

Causes of Megaloblastic Anaemia

A

Vitamin B12 Deficiency: due to pernicious anaemia, ileal resection, bacterial overgrowth, HIV infection, dietary deficient

Folate Deficiency: dietary deficiency, malabsorption, increased demand, drug-induce

17
Q

Causes of Non-megaloblastic Anaemia

A

Alcohol abuse, liver disease, Reticulocytosis, severe hypothyroidism, pregnancy,

18
Q

Investigations for Macrocytic Anaemia

A

FBC: Low Hb, high MCV, hypersegmented nuclei, reticulocytes
Low Serum B12
Bone marrow biopsy
Serum bilirubin
Bone marrow biopsy: megaloblasts, sideroblasts
Serum bilirubin may be raised due to premature breakdown of `RBC

19
Q

Treating Macrocytic Anaemia

A

Vitamin B12 injection every 3 months

Folate tablets daily for around 4 months

20
Q

Lymphoma

A

Malignant tumour of the lymphatic system caused by excess proliferation of lymphocyteswhich accumulate in the lymph nodes.

21
Q

Hodgkins Lymphoma

A

Reed-Sternberg cells with characteristic mirror-image nuclei

22
Q

Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

A

No Reed Sternberg cells

23
Q

What Lymphoma is more common

A

Non-Hodgkins

24
Q

Presentation of Lymphoma

A

Lymphadenopathy- mostly cervical, painless, non tender, rubbery, weight loss, fever, night sweats, pruritis, lethargy, alcohol-induced lymph node pain, mediastinal lymph node involvement, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly

25
Q

Investigation for Lymphoma

A

FBC and Lymph node excision biopsy

26
Q

Treatment of Hodgkins

A

Chemoradiotherapy

5 year survival >95% in 1a lymphocyte and <40% in IVb lymphocyte depleted disease

27
Q

Treatment of Non-Hodgkins

A

Radiotherapy in localised disease and monoclonal antibodies in more diffuse disease

Y3 Core Conditions (13 decks)

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