Haematology Flashcards
What does a basophil do?
They are associated with hypersensitivity reactions. They have a similar role to mast cells and thus secrete histamine
Eosinophils show diurnal variation: what are they needed for ?
Protection from parasite infections
What are the two types of lymphocytes?
Cytotoxic CD8+
T Helper CD4+
What are macrophages made up of
Monocytes
What is the purpose of pro-thrombin?
It makes Thrombin
Thrombin then allows fibrinogen to be made into fibrin
Helps to activate XII to XIIa and allows positive feedback to create more thrombin
Fibrin allows blood clots to form
How is Vitamin K absorbed
Vitamin K
Causes of microcytic anaemia
Iron deficient (hook worm, bleeding, diet or heavy periods)
Anaemia of chronic disease
Thalassaemia or Sickle Cell
What does a high reticulocyte or a low reticulocyte value mean?
High Reticulocye: blood loss or haemolytic anaemia
Low Reticulocyte: production problem i.e. iron deficiency anaemia
Give 3 signs of iron deficient anaemia
Treatment
Angular stomatitis
Atrophic glissitis
Kolonychia
Brittle hair and nails
Ferrous sulphate
3 causes of normocytic anaemia
Acute blood loss
B12 and folate deficiency
Anaemia of chronic disease
3 causes of Macrocytic anaemia
B12/folate deficiency
Alcohol
Metabolic disease i.e. hypothyroid
What is pernicious anaemia?
Loss of parietal cells in the stomach via auto immune problem. This means that intrinsic factor is not made and thus leads to macrocytic anaemia
4 symptoms of anaemia
SOB Dizziness + Fainting Fatigue Reduced exercise tolerance \+++ TACHYCARDIA +++
What are two causes of DIC?
What are two treatment methods?
Surgery, trauma, malignancy and liver disease
Blood transfusion and activated protein C
What is thrombocytopenia?
Too little platelets
Can be due to bone marrow failure, enlarged spleens and also peripheral destruction of platelets
Bleeding disorders: ITP
What is it? what are they symptoms ?
This is because of antibodies coating platelets means that the they are eaten by macrophages.
Associated with other autoimmune conditions
Menorrhagia, nose bleeds, bruising or a red rash
How do you treat ITP?
Prednisolone
IV Ig
Anti D
Polycythaemia what is it?
A condition when the blood is too packed with RBCs
Patients get fatigue, easy bleeding, fainting and headaches
Diagnosis is a bone marrow biospy
What leukaemia is associated with the philodephia chromosome?
Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia
Myeloid cells include (RBC, platelets, eosinophils, neutrophils, basophils and monocytes)
Give 5 symptoms of leukaemia:
Tiredness Weight loss Night sweats Rashes Fever Bleeding Anorexia
More common infections
What is the treatment of CML
Imatinib + Stem Cell Transplant
What is chronic lymphocytic anaemia> How do we treat it>
Accumulation of B cells
This means that the patient will have large rubbery lymph nodes. Generally asymptomatic
Treatment: normally watch and wait and give the patient rituximab!
1/3 1/3 1/3 rule
What is ALL what are the symptoms and what are the treatments
Acute Lymphocytic Leukaemia
Bone pain, CNS palsy, Lymph and Hepato megaly
Treatment: chemo and bone marrow transplant
AML: symptoms, treatments
Acute Myeloid Leukaemia
Gum hypertrophy and hepatosplenomegaly
Treatment: chemo and bone marrow transplant
Complications: get DIC
Treatment CML
CLL
AML
ALL
CML: imatinib
CLL: rituximab
AML: bone marrow transplant and chemo
ALL: bone marrow transplant and chemo
in which lymphoma do you find reed Sternberg cells in
How would you treat Hodgkin’s?
Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy
USE ANN Arbor system staging
Non- Hodgkins lymphoma what is the treatment method?
R-CHOP
What is the pathophysiology of Myeloma?
Too many light chains produced in the body.
Remember the mnemonic CRAB:
Calcinosis,
Renal impairment (urine output and oedema)
Anaemia
Bone lytic lesions
What will be found in the urine of a patient with myeloma?
What is the pattern of RBC
What is the treatment?
Bence Jones protein
Monoclonal protein bands will be found in the blood :) The RBC will make a roleaux formation
Chemotherapy and analgesia, bisphosphonates etc for the bone pain/
Need to give Abx and regular IV immunoglobulin infusions for the infections
