Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Phase 2a > Haematology > Flashcards

Haematology Flashcards

1
Q

Multiple Myeloma is cancer of what cell?

A

Plasma cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What can happen to the blood and urine in multiple myeloma?

A

Monoclonal immunoglobulin or free light chains can be present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What affect does multiple myeloma have on the body - what does it affect?

A

1) Bone marrow failure
2) Renal failure
3) Destructive bone disease
4) Hypercalcaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Why are bones affected in Multiple Myeloma?

A

1) Rapid growth of myeloma cells inhibits osteoblast formation
2) Myeloma cells release OAFs that stimulate osteoclasts - reducing bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the condition called that is Pre-asymptomatic myeloma?

A

Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the criteria for MGUS for MIg and percentage of plasma cells in the bone marrow?

A

1) MIg <30g/L

2) <10% plasma cell in bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is asymptomatic myeloma criteria?

A

1) >10% plasma cells in bone marrow

2) No related organ or tissue involvement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the clinical entities of symptomatic myeloma?

A

1) Paraprotein
2) Clonal plasma cells in bone marrow
3) Related organ or tissue involvement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the 6 common presenting features of Multiple myeloma?

A

1) Tiredness and malaise
2) Bone/back pain
3) Infections
4) Anaemia,
5) Renal failure
6) Hypercalcaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How are bones assessed in multiple myeloma?

A

Plain X-ray

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What treatment is done in asymptomatic Multiple myeloma?

A

Watch and wait - regular monitoring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the treatment for symptomatic multiple myeloma?

A

1) Induction treatment and Stem cell transplant

2) Non-invasive drug treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

In addition to the chemotherapy what supportive treatment is given in multiple myeloma?

A

1) Biphosphates
2) Blood transfusions
3) Pain-killers
4) anti-thrombotic medication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What chemotherapeutic drug is given alongside stem cell transplant in myeloma?

A

Melphalan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What drug is given on the first relapse of myeloma?

A

Velcade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What drug is given on the second relapse of myeloma?

A

Revlimid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is Lymphoma?

A

The malignant growth of lymphocytes predominately in the lymph nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the cause of most Lymphomas?

A

Unknown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What can cause Lymphoma?

A

1) Primary Immunodeficiency
2) Secondary immunodeficiency
3) Infection
4) Autoimmune disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What type immunodeficiency is Wiscott-Aldrich an example of?

A

Primary immunodeficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What type of immunodeficiency is HIV?

A

Secondary immunodeficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How does EBV cause lymphoma?

A

Infects B cells which escape immunosurveillance and avoid regulation and proliferate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the is the common presentation of Lymphoma?

A

1) Lump e.g. in the neck or arm
2) Compression syndrome - blood supply compression leads to oedema
3) B type systemic symptoms - loss of weight, loss of appetite and night sweats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How is Lymphoma diagnosed?

A

1) Blood film
2) Bone marrow biopsy
3) Lymph node biopsy
4) Immunophenotyping - CD markers
5) Cytogenetics
6) Molecular - PCR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the WHO performance Status 0?

A

Asymptomatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the WHO Performance Status 1?

A

Symptomatic but completely ambulatory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the WHO Performance Status 2?

A

Symptomatic but <50% of daytime in bed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the WHO Performance Status 3?

A

Symptomatic but >50% of the day in bed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the WHO performance Status 4?

A

Symptomatic and Bedbound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the WHO Performance Status 5?

A

Death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the two main sub-types of Lymphoma?

A

1) Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

2) Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

32
Q

What is used to distinguish between Hodgkin’s and non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma?

A

The presence of Reed-Sternberg cells

33
Q

Which type of Lymphoma has Reed-Sternberg cells present?

A

Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

34
Q

How does Hodgkin’s Lymphoma present?

A

1) Painless lymphoadenopathy

2) B symptoms

35
Q

How does Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma present?

A

Can have same symptoms as Hodgkin’s but more varied

36
Q

How is Hodgkin’s Lymphoma staged?

A

Staged I-IV and termed A or B if B symptoms are not present or present

37
Q

How is less advanced (1-2A) Hodgkin’s Lymphoma treated differently to more advanced (2B-4) disease

A

1-2A: Short course chemo and radiotherapy

2B-4: Combination chemotherapy

38
Q

Why does the treatment vary depending on the staging?

A

Early stages are localized and so radiotherapy can be useful whereas later stages are more diffuse and therefore would not benefit from radiotherapy

39
Q

What is the treatment for a relapse in Hodgkin’s Lymphoma?

A

Bone Marrow Transplantation

40
Q

What two subtypes are there of Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma?

A

1) Indolent/Low grade

2) Aggressive/High grade

41
Q

What are the characteristics of indolent NHL?

A

1) Slow growing
2) Typically advanced at presentation
3) Incurable

42
Q

What is the treatment for indolent NHL?

A

Sometimes do nothing but can:

  • Combination chemo
  • Monoclonal antibodies
  • Radiotherapy
  • Bone marrow transplant
43
Q

What is the presentation of Aggressive NHL?

A

1) Nodal Presentation
2) Extranodal - 1/3
3) Patient feels unwell
4) Often short history

44
Q

What is the treatment for aggressive NHL?

A

Early - short course chemotherapy and radiotherapy

Late - Combination chemotherapy and monoclonal antibodies

45
Q

What type of medication is Ritximab?

A

Monoclonal antibody - anti CD-20 (expressed on B cells)

46
Q

What is Acute Myeloid Leukaemia (AML)?

A

Malignancy of myeloblasts

47
Q

What is Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia (CML)?

A

Malignancy affecting basophils, neutrophils and eosinophils

48
Q

What is Chronic Myelomoncytic Leukaemia (CMML)?

A

Malignancy of monocytes

49
Q

What is Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia (ALL)?

A

Malignancy of lymphoblasts

50
Q

What is Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia (CLL)?

A

Malignancy of B lymphocytes

51
Q

What defines Acute Leukaemia?

A

When there is more than 20% blasts in the blood

52
Q

What are blast cells?

A

They are abnormal immature white blood cells

53
Q

What is done to diagnose Leukaemias?

A

1) Blood film
2) Bone marrow Biopsy
3) Lymoh node biopsy
4) Immunophenotyping
5) Genetics - cytogenetics, PCR

54
Q

Acute Myeloid Leukaemia is the most common leukaemia in children - True or False?

A

False - it accounts for 10-15% of cases

55
Q

What is the most common leukaemia in children?

A

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia

56
Q

What are the risk factors for Acute Myeloid Leukaemia?

A

1) Increasing Age
2) Prior chemotherapy
3) Preceding haematological disorders
4) Exposure to ionising radiation

57
Q

What is the treatment for Acute Myeloid Leukaemia?

A

1) Supportive care - blood products, infection treatment
2) Chemotherapy - curative or palliative
3) Bone marrow transplantation

58
Q

Cure rates for Acute Myeloid leukaemia are relatively high for all ages - True or false?

A

False - cure rates are highest in children (60%) but low in older adults (20%)

59
Q

In which age group is Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia most common?

A

40-60 years

60
Q

What are the features of Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia?

A

1) Splenomegaly

2) Metabolic features

61
Q

What is done to diagnose Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia?

A

1) FBC - High WBC
2) Blood film - Left shift plus basophilia
3) Philadelphia chromosome

62
Q

What is the treatment for Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia?

A

1) Molecular therapy - Tyrosine kinase inhibitors

63
Q

The survival rate is high for Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia- True or False?

A

True - >90% survival at 5 years

64
Q

What is the presentation of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia?

A

1) Bone marrow failure

2) Organ infiltration - particularly the CNS

65
Q

What does the presence of the Philadelphia chromosome in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia mean?

A

Poor prognosis

66
Q

What are the 4 stages of treatment for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia?

A

1) Induction
2) Consolidation
3) Delayed intensification
4) Maintenance

67
Q

The survival is poor for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia, particularly in children - True or False?

A

False - The majority of children are cured as well as young adults, older adults typically 1/2 are cured

68
Q

In addition to chemotherapy what other therapies are offered in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia?

A

1) CNS directed therapy

2) Stem cell transplantation

69
Q

What happens to B lymphocytes in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia?

A

They accumulate in the blood bone marrow and lymph glands

70
Q

How is Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia usually diagnosed?

A

As an incidental finding on a blood screen

71
Q

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia is most common in the middle aged - True or False?

A

False - It is most common in the elderly

72
Q

What happens as Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia progresses?

A

1) Lymphoadenopathy
2) Hepatospenomegaly
3) Haemolysis
4) Bone marrow failure
5) Hypogammaglobulinaemia
6) Infections

73
Q

What treatments are done in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia?

A

1) Sometimes nothing - watch and wait
2) Chemotherpy
3) Monoclonal antibodies
4) Target therapy - Burton kinase inhibitors
5) Bone marrow transplant

74
Q

What is an autologous bone marrow transplant?

A

Bone marrow transplant from own bone marrow

75
Q

What is bone marrow transplant from someone else called?

A

Allogenic

76
Q

Which type of bone transplant - autologous or allogenic is safer?

A

Autologous - it is from the patients own body therefore less likely to be rejected

77
Q

What is the most common form of leukaemia?

A

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia

Phase 2a (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions