Haematology Flashcards
What is the function of plasma?
Carries nutrients and waste
Clotting factors
Oncotic pressure - proteins
What is the lifespan of a neutrophil in the blood?
10hrs in the blood24-48hrs in tissues
What do monocytes turn into?
Macrophages and myeloid dendritic cells
How long do erythrocytes last in vessels?
1-5months Eg 160 days in the ox
How long do platelets last in the blood?
10 days
Which cell types lasts the longest in the body?
Lymphocytes
How are erythrocytes destroyed?
Phagocytosed by macrophages
What are the products of erythrocyte breakdown? And their destination after breakdown?
Amino acids - back to vessels
Ferrous iron - stored in liver or bone marrow
Bilirubin - liver and excreted as bile
What clinical effect does extravascular haemolysis have?
Jaundice urine due to bilirubin excretion
Where are embryonic blood cells made?
Blood islands
Aorta-gonad-mesonephrons
What clinical effect does intravascular lysis have?
Hemoglobin urea
- increase in free Hb in plasma
- freely filtered and excreted in urine
What are the extra marrow tissues of the adult animal?
Liver
Spleen
Kidney
In which bones can you fine haemopoietic bone marrow?
Long and flat bones
Eg ribs, scapular, sternum, fore and hindlimb bones
What types of cell dominate in yellow bone marrow?
Adipose
Where can red marrow be found?
Spine, sternum and hips
What is the terminal cell type of myeloid stem cells?
Non-lymphoid cells Neutrophils, basophils etc
What does CFU stand for?
Colony forming unit
What is pyramid expansion?
Greater number of mature cells than precursors
Which hormones/ factors control granulocyte and monocytopoiesis?
Interleukin 3
Colony stimulating factors
What types of cells are classified within the maturation pool of granulopoiesis?
Metamyelocytes which develop into band granulocytes
What is meant by left shift?
The release of immature granulocytes into the blood, usually during inflammation or blood loss?
IL5 is a key cytokine in which granulopoiesis process?
Eosinopoiesis
Which hormone controls erythropoiesis?
Erythropoietin
Erythropoietin is released from which vital organ?
Kidney
What effect does decreased oxygen availability have on release of EPO?
Increased release
What occurs to produce a reticulocyte from a metarubrocyte?
Loss of the nucleus and organelles
What does an erythrocyte contain?
Hb only
No nucleus or organelles
Which organ is responsible for the pitting of organelles from erythrocytes?
Spleen
How many divisions does a erythroblast go through to produce a metarubricyte?
4
What is endomitosis?
Nuclear division with no cellular division
What are platelets made from?
Fragmented cytoplasm of megakaryocytes
How does thrombopoiesis work?
TPO is constantly produced by the liver.
It is taken up by platelets and megakaryocytes.
When platelet levels are low less is taken up therefore stimulating thrombopoiesis.
What does hematology measure?
Changes in the cellular components of blood
What does a haemocrit reading measure?
Packed cell volume
Total protein
What tests are in a complete haemogram?
Haemocrit
Blood smear
Blood count
EDTA performs what function in a blood sample?
Anti-coagulant
What does the mean corpuscular volume measure?
Average erythrocyte size
What is the mchc?
Mean corpuscular Hb concentration - average Hb concentration per cell
What is the MCH?
Measures the Hb volume per cell
What would you see on a blood smear of a dog with macrocytic anaemia?
Raised MCV
Large blueish juvenile red blood cells
What is regenerative anaemia?
That shows regeneration of rbc’s
Name two causes of regenerative anaemia?
Haemorrhage
Haemolysis - imha
If you see <2 polychromatophils per field at x100 power which type of anaemia would you suspect, regen or non-regen?
Non-regenerative
Iron deficiency is a type of _______ anaemia
Non-regenerative
What is a feature microcytic anaemia?
Reduced MCV
How does iron deficiency cause reduced MCV?
Reduced iron reduces Hb production, reduced erythrocyte volume
Normochromasia is usually seen with which type of anaemia?
Non-regenerative
Hypochromasia can be characterized by decreased what of rbc’s?
Central palor
What cell count would be classified as leukopenia?
<18 WBC/ x10 field
What cell count would be classified as leukocytosis?
>50 WBC/ x10 field
How are absolute cell numbers calculated from a differential white blood cell count?
% x 10^9 L
What can be a cause of neutrophilia?
Chronic inflammation
Stress
Steroids
What cause can cause ____penia of many cell type?
Chronic inflammation
Howell-Jolly bodies are characteristic of which type of anaemia?
What are HJ bodies?
Regenerative
Basophilic spots within red blood cells, the remnant of ER
Which stain is used to characterize regenerative anaemia?
New methylene blue
A blood smear has shown red blood cells with reduced MCV and reduced central palor.
What is this pathology known as?
What disease process do you suspect?
Spherocytes
Immune mediated haemolytic anaemia
