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PATH > Haematology > Flashcards

Haematology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of plasma?

A

Carries nutrients and waste

Clotting factors

Oncotic pressure - proteins

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2
Q

What is the lifespan of a neutrophil in the blood?

A

10hrs in the blood24-48hrs in tissues

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3
Q

What do monocytes turn into?

A

Macrophages and myeloid dendritic cells

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4
Q

How long do erythrocytes last in vessels?

A

1-5months Eg 160 days in the ox

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5
Q

How long do platelets last in the blood?

A

10 days

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6
Q

Which cell types lasts the longest in the body?

A

Lymphocytes

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7
Q

How are erythrocytes destroyed?

A

Phagocytosed by macrophages

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8
Q

What are the products of erythrocyte breakdown? And their destination after breakdown?

A

Amino acids - back to vessels

Ferrous iron - stored in liver or bone marrow

Bilirubin - liver and excreted as bile

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9
Q

What clinical effect does extravascular haemolysis have?

A

Jaundice urine due to bilirubin excretion

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10
Q

Where are embryonic blood cells made?

A

Blood islands

Aorta-gonad-mesonephrons

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11
Q

What clinical effect does intravascular lysis have?

A

Hemoglobin urea

  • increase in free Hb in plasma
  • freely filtered and excreted in urine
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12
Q

What are the extra marrow tissues of the adult animal?

A

Liver

Spleen

Kidney

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13
Q

In which bones can you fine haemopoietic bone marrow?

A

Long and flat bones

Eg ribs, scapular, sternum, fore and hindlimb bones

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14
Q

What types of cell dominate in yellow bone marrow?

A

Adipose

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15
Q

Where can red marrow be found?

A

Spine, sternum and hips

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16
Q

What is the terminal cell type of myeloid stem cells?

A

Non-lymphoid cells Neutrophils, basophils etc

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17
Q

What does CFU stand for?

A

Colony forming unit

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18
Q

What is pyramid expansion?

A

Greater number of mature cells than precursors

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19
Q

Which hormones/ factors control granulocyte and monocytopoiesis?

A

Interleukin 3

Colony stimulating factors

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20
Q

What types of cells are classified within the maturation pool of granulopoiesis?

A

Metamyelocytes which develop into band granulocytes

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21
Q

What is meant by left shift?

A

The release of immature granulocytes into the blood, usually during inflammation or blood loss?

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22
Q

IL5 is a key cytokine in which granulopoiesis process?

A

Eosinopoiesis

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23
Q

Which hormone controls erythropoiesis?

A

Erythropoietin

24
Q

Erythropoietin is released from which vital organ?

A

Kidney

25
Q

What effect does decreased oxygen availability have on release of EPO?

A

Increased release

26
Q

What occurs to produce a reticulocyte from a metarubrocyte?

A

Loss of the nucleus and organelles

27
Q

What does an erythrocyte contain?

A

Hb only

No nucleus or organelles

28
Q

Which organ is responsible for the pitting of organelles from erythrocytes?

A

Spleen

29
Q

How many divisions does a erythroblast go through to produce a metarubricyte?

A

4

30
Q

What is endomitosis?

A

Nuclear division with no cellular division

31
Q

What are platelets made from?

A

Fragmented cytoplasm of megakaryocytes

32
Q

How does thrombopoiesis work?

A

TPO is constantly produced by the liver.

It is taken up by platelets and megakaryocytes.

When platelet levels are low less is taken up therefore stimulating thrombopoiesis.

33
Q

What does hematology measure?

A

Changes in the cellular components of blood

34
Q

What does a haemocrit reading measure?

A

Packed cell volume

Total protein

35
Q

What tests are in a complete haemogram?

A

Haemocrit

Blood smear

Blood count

36
Q

EDTA performs what function in a blood sample?

A

Anti-coagulant

37
Q

What does the mean corpuscular volume measure?

A

Average erythrocyte size

38
Q

What is the mchc?

A

Mean corpuscular Hb concentration - average Hb concentration per cell

39
Q

What is the MCH?

A

Measures the Hb volume per cell

40
Q

What would you see on a blood smear of a dog with macrocytic anaemia?

A

Raised MCV

Large blueish juvenile red blood cells

41
Q

What is regenerative anaemia?

A

That shows regeneration of rbc’s

42
Q

Name two causes of regenerative anaemia?

A

Haemorrhage

Haemolysis - imha

43
Q

If you see <2 polychromatophils per field at x100 power which type of anaemia would you suspect, regen or non-regen?

A

Non-regenerative

44
Q

Iron deficiency is a type of _______ anaemia

A

Non-regenerative

45
Q

What is a feature microcytic anaemia?

A

Reduced MCV

46
Q

How does iron deficiency cause reduced MCV?

A

Reduced iron reduces Hb production, reduced erythrocyte volume

47
Q

Normochromasia is usually seen with which type of anaemia?

A

Non-regenerative

48
Q

Hypochromasia can be characterized by decreased what of rbc’s?

A

Central palor

49
Q

What cell count would be classified as leukopenia?

A

<18 WBC/ x10 field

50
Q

What cell count would be classified as leukocytosis?

A

>50 WBC/ x10 field

51
Q

How are absolute cell numbers calculated from a differential white blood cell count?

A

% x 10^9 L

52
Q

What can be a cause of neutrophilia?

A

Chronic inflammation

Stress

Steroids

53
Q

What cause can cause ____penia of many cell type?

A

Chronic inflammation

54
Q

Howell-Jolly bodies are characteristic of which type of anaemia?

What are HJ bodies?

A

Regenerative

Basophilic spots within red blood cells, the remnant of ER

55
Q

Which stain is used to characterize regenerative anaemia?

A

New methylene blue

56
Q

A blood smear has shown red blood cells with reduced MCV and reduced central palor.

What is this pathology known as?

What disease process do you suspect?

A

Spherocytes

Immune mediated haemolytic anaemia

PATH (8 decks)

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