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2a stuff > Haematology > Flashcards

Haematology Flashcards

1
Q

Sickle cell tests

A
  • HB ELECTROPHORESIS GOLD STANDARD
  • Blood smear- sickled erythrocytes
  • FBC - low MCV, low Hb
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2
Q

Sickle cell management

A

Acute - Morphine, oxygen, IV fluids, transfusion exchange

Chronic - HYDROXYCARBAMIDE

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3
Q

TTP

A

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura - causes blood clots to form in small blood vessels around body

  • ADAMTS-13 DEFICIENCY
  • Cant break clumps of vWF into useful monomers so causes microvascular clots
  • Primary haemostasis problem (platelet plug)
  • Schistocytes on blood smear
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4
Q

TTP investigations

A

FBC - raised WCC, Low Hb, low platelets
Blood smear - schistocytes
Clotting - normal PT and APTT

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5
Q

TTP treatment

A
  • PLASMA EXCHANGE
  • IV METHYLPREDNISOLONE
  • MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES
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6
Q

ITP

A

Immune thrombocytopenic purpura - autoimmune, characterised by decrease in platelets

  • Primary haemostasis problem (platelet plug)
  • No schistocytes
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7
Q

DIC investigations

A

FBC - LOW FIBRINOGEN, HIGH D-DIMER, LONG PT AND APTT, low platelets
Blood smear - schistocytes

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8
Q

ITP treatment

A

Treat underlying

  • Low fibrinogen - cryoprecipitate
  • Low platelets - platelet transfusion
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9
Q

Haemophilia A and B deficiency in

A

A - factor VIII

B - Factor IX (rare)

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10
Q

Haemophilia presentation/treatment

A

SOFT TISSUE BLEEDING PATTERN into joints, muscles, haematoma formation

Recombinant factor VIII or IX

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11
Q

Von Willebrand’s disease investigation/treatment

A
  • Plasma vWF measurement
  • APTT can be prolonged if factor VIII low
  • DESMOPRESSIN
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12
Q

ALL management

A
  • METHOTREXATE (CHEMO)
  • BLOOD AND PLATELET TRANSFUSION
  • Steroids
  • Stem cell/bone marrow transplant
  • Antibiotics
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13
Q

AML presentation/investigation

A
  • GUM HYPERTROPHY
  • Anaemia symptoms
  • Bleeding/bruising
  • Infections
  • Hepatosplenomegaly
  • AUER RODS on bone marrow biopsy
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14
Q

CLL management

A
  • Watch and wait early years
  • RITUXIMAB (chemo)
  • Stem cell/marrow transplant
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15
Q

CML presentation/investigation

A
  • GOUT
  • Anaemia symptoms
  • Bleeding/bruising
  • Infections
  • Hepatosplenomegaly
  • Weight loss and night sweats
  • PHILADELPHIA CHROMOSOME - translocation of 9 and 22
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16
Q

CML management

A
  • IMATINIB - tyrosine kinase inhibitor
  • Chemo
  • Stem cell/marrow transplant
17
Q

Hodgkin’s lymphoma def

A
  • Cancer - proliferation of lymphocytes in lymph nodes
  • Associated with EBV
  • Peaks in early 20s and 70s
18
Q

Hodgkin’s lymphoma pres/diagnosis/management

A
  • Lymphadenopathy - PAINFUL UPON DRINKING
  • B-symptoms - fever, night sweats, weight loss
  • REED STERNBERG CELLS on lymph node biopsy
  • Imaging CXR/CT for staging
  • ABVD CHEMO
19
Q

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma pres/diagnosis/management

A
  • PAINLESS lymphadenopathy
  • B-symptoms - fever, night sweats, weight loss
  • NO REED STERNBERG CELLS
  • RCHOP CHEMO
20
Q

Multiple myeloma def

A

Cancer in plasma cells which accumulate in bone marrow crowding out healthy blood cells
BONE MARROW CANCER

21
Q

Multiple myeloma presentation

A

CRAB

  • HyperCalcaemia - polydipsia, polyuria, abdo pain
  • Renal impairment
  • Anaemia
  • Bone lesions - bone pain
22
Q

Multiple myeloma diagnosis

A
  • BENCE JONES PROTEIN IN URINE of serum and urine electrophoresis
  • ROULEAUX FORMATION on blood film
  • Bone marrow biopsy
  • Imaging (x-ray/CT) - bone lesions
23
Q

Multiple myeloma management

A
  • CHEMO COMBINATIONS
  • VCD, VTD, MTP
  • Bisphosphonates (zoledronic acid)
  • Stem cell transplant
  • Blood transfusion
24
Q

Polycythaemia def

A
  • High conc of erythrocytes in blood

- 2 types absolute and relative

25
Q

Polycythaemia vera def

A
  • Primary polycythaemia
  • Abnormality in bone marrow (myeloproliferative neoplasm)
  • JAK2 mutation
  • Affected bone marrow produce excess number of platelets and WBCs
26
Q

Polycythaemia vera pres/diagnosis/management

A
  • Blurred vision
  • ITCHING, especially after contact with warm water
  • Genetic testing
  • FBC - raised Hb, haematocrit, WCC, platelets
  • Serum erythropoietin - decreased
  • Venesection (remove around 450ml of blood)
  • Low dose aspirin daily
  • Hydroxycarbamide for those at risk of thrombus
27
Q

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency pres/investigation

A
  • Nitrous oxides can trigger
  • West Africa, Middle East and Asia
  • Blood smear - HEINZ BODIES

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