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eMCD - Hae > Haematology 1 > Flashcards

Haematology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are agglutinates?

Describe its appearance and formation.

A

Agglutinates = formation of irregular clumps

Formation:

  • usually results from antibody on the surface
  • which makes red cells stick to each other
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2
Q

What is a main function of basophils

A

Has role in allergic response

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3
Q

Blood cells are derived from _____________

A

Multipotent lymphoid-myeloid stem cells

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4
Q

Describe the formation of platelets

Describe the main function of platelets

A

Multipotent haematopietic stem cells —> megakaryocytes —> platelets

  • has role in primary haemostasis
  • platelets also contribute to phospholipid (which promotes blood coagulation)
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5
Q

Multipotent myeloid stem cell in turn gives rise to:

a) ___________
b) ___________
c) ___________

A

a) granulocyte - monocytes
b) erythroid
c) megakaryocyte

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6
Q

What is meant by a left shift

A

Left shift = increase in non segmented neutrophils or an increase in neutrophil precursors in the blood

If there are many band form neutrophils in blood film —> left shift
- left shift suggests presence of infection

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7
Q

Lymphoid stem cell in turn gives rise to

a) _________
b) _________
c) _________

A

a) T cells
b) B cells
c) NK cells

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8
Q

Describe the formation of red cells

A

Erythropoiesis = Myeloid stem cell —> gives rise to proerythroblast –> which then gives rise to erythroblasts —> then erythrocytes/red cells

  • requires erythropoietin (synthesised in kidney in response to hypoxia)
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9
Q

Blasts have in common :

A

Large nuclei

Small amount of cytoplasm

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10
Q

Note:

- as red cells differentiate cytoplasm goes from dark blue to more pink colour

A

-

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11
Q

Where does synthesis of erythropoietin occur?

A
  • mainly synthesised in the kidneys (juxtatubular interstitial cells)
  • small amount = in liver
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12
Q

Life span of erythrocytes

A

120 days

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13
Q

What is the definition of hyperchromia

A

Hyperchromia = cells lack central pallor

  • can occurs if cells are thicker than normal
  • or because their shape is abnormal
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14
Q

Define Polychromasia

A

Definition: increased blue tinge to the cytoplasm of a red cell

  • blue tinge = indicates cells are young
  • reticulocytes are stained with methylene blue
    (Reticulocyte stain)
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15
Q

How are red cells destroyed?

A

Destroyed by phagocytise cells in the spleen

  • red cells have extensive cytoskeleton (good at wriggling through holes in capillaries)
  • as they get older they become less flexible
  • less able to squeeze through wall
  • so gets held up in spleen
  • then destroyed
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16
Q

Definition of Poikilocytosis

A

Red cells show more variation in shape than is normal

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18
Q

Note

lymphocytes = reference to determine size of red cells
Usually, red cell is bit smaller than lymphocytes

A

#

19
Q

What is hypersegmented neutrophil?

What does it occur?

A

Hypersegmented neutrophils = increase in average number of neutrophils lobes or segments

  • results from lacks of VIT B12 or folic acid
20
Q

What are sickle cells?

Why does it occur?

A

Sickle cells = sickle or crescent shaped

  • results from polymerisation of hbS (when it is present in high conc)
21
Q

Pluripotent haematpoietic stem cells give rise to:

a) ____________
b) ____________

A

a) myeloid stem cell

b) lymphoid stem cell

22
Q

What is toxic granulation

And why does it occur?

A

Toxic granulation = heavy granulation of neutrophils
(Granules become more denser)

  • results from infection, inflammation and tissue necrosis
  • it is also a feature of normal pregnancy
23
Q

What are the 2 important types of hyperchromatic cells?

A
  • spherocytes (very round)

- irregularly contracted cells (don’t show complete circle)

24
Q

Describe the appearance of spherocytes.

And describe the formation of spherocytes.

A

Appearance:

  • spherical shape
  • round regular outline
  • lacks central pallor

Formation:

  • results from loss of cell memb without loss of equivalent amount of cytoplasm
  • so cell is forced into spherical form

NOTE: You get spherocytes in hereditary spherocytosis

25
Q

Describe the appearance of Irregularly contracted cells.

Describe the formation of irregularly contracted cells

A

Appearance:

  • irregular outline
  • smaller than normal cells
  • lost central pallor

Formation:
- results from Oxidant damage to cell memb and hb

27
Q

What are poikilocytes

A

Abnormally shaped red blood cells

28
Q

What are elliptocytes?

Where do they occur?

A

Elliptocytes are elliptical in shape

  • occurs in hereditary elliptocytosis
    And iron deficiency
29
Q

Definition of Anisocytosis

A

Red cells show more variation in Size than is normal

29
Q

Examples of poikilocytes

A 
Spherocytes 
Irregularly contracted cells 
Sickle cells 
Target cells 
Elliptocytes
Fragments
30
Q

What are Target cells ?

In what diseases do they occur?

A

Target cells = cells with accumulation of hb in the centre of the area of central pallor

  • occurs in obstructive jaundice, liver disease, haemoglobinopathies, and hyposplenism
32
Q

What are fragments

A

Fragments / schistocytes = small pieces of red cells

- indicates red cell has fragmented

33
Q

What is rouleaux ?

Describe its appearance and formation

A

Rouleaux = stacks of red cells

Appearance:
- like pile of coins

Formation:

  • results from alteration in the plasma proteins
  • plasma protein levels are increased (pushes cells together)
34
Q

Note:

  • Philia or cytosis = too many
  • penia= too few
A 
Leucocytosis - too many white cells 
Leucopenia - too few white cells 
Neutrophilia - too many neutrophils 
Neutropenia - too few neutrophils 
Lymphocytosis - too many lymphocytes
Eosinophilia  - too many eosinophils
35
Q

What is an essential stem cell characteristic?

And how is this achieved?

A

Essential stem cell characteristic:
- ability to self renew and produce mature progeny

Achieved by:
- stem cells have ability to divide into 2 cells with diff characteristics
—> One another stem cells
—> and the other a cell capable of differentiating to mature progeny

35
Q

What is the definition of Hypochromia.

What characteristics does it portray?

A

Definition. Cells have a larger area of central pallor than normal

  • red cells appear much paler in the middle
  • rim of redness around cell but mostly pale
  • results from lower Hb content/ conc + flatter cell
  • often hypochromia + microcytosis go together
35
Q

What is the main function of neutrophils

A

Defence against infection

- phagocytosis and kills microorganism

38
Q

What is a main function of monocytes

A

Monocytes develop into macrophages in tissues tocarry out phagocytic function
- and also stores and releases iron

39
Q

What is Howell jolly body?

What is a common cause of Howell jolly body?

A

Howell jolly body = nuclear remnant in a red cell
(Seen as a precise and distinct dot)

Common cause :
- lack of splenic function

39
Q

What is a main function of eosinophils

A

Defence against parasitic infection

  • has 2 lobes in its nucleus
39
Q

What is an atypical lymphocyte?

When might it occur?

A

Atypical lymphocyte = have very large nucleus and very visible nucleus with loads of really faint cytoplasm

  • typical of a viral infection
  • seen in glandular fever
40
Q

What test might you do to detect young cells

A

Do a reticulocyte stain

41
Q

Increase inn reticulocytes might be indicative of what?

A

Haemorrhage

42
Q

What is hypersegmentation usually due to?

A

Usually due to lack of vitamin B + folic acid

eMCD - Hae (11 decks)

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