Haematological Malignancies Flashcards
1
Q
What is the pathogenesis of haematological malignancies?
A
- multi-step process
- aquired genetic alterations to a long lived cell
- proliferative/survival advantage to that mutated cell
- this produces the malignant clone
- malignant clone grows to dominate the tissue
- e.g. bone marrow or lymph nodes
2
Q
What is the origin of bone marrow malignancies?
A
- myeloid malignancies
- red cell
- platelet
- gran
- monocyte
- lymphoid malignancies
- B-cell
- T-cell
3
Q
What are the differences between leukaemia and lymphoma?
A
4
Q
What are the major groupd of haematological malignancies?
A
- acute leukaemias
- acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ACL)
- acute myeloid leukaemia (AML)
- chronic leukaemias
- chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML)
- chronic leukocytic leukaemia (CLL)
- the malignant lymphomas
- non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL)
- Hodgkin lymphoma (HL)
- multiple myeloma
- myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS)
- the chronic myeloproliferative diseases (biologically malignant)
5
Q
What is the difference between acute and chronic leukaemia?
A
- leukaemic cells do not differentiate
- bone marrow failure
- rapidly fatal if untreated
- potentially curable
- leukaemic cells retain ability to differentiate
- proliferation without bone marrow failure
- survival for a few years
- potentially curable with modern therapy
6
Q
What are the features of acute leukaemia?
A
- bone marrow failure
- anaemia
- thrombocytopenic bleeding (purpura + mucosal membrane bleeding)
- infection from neutropenia (esp. bacterial + fungal)
7
Q
What are the presentations of lymphoma?
A
- nodal disease- lymphadenopathy
- > 90% with HL + ~60% NHL
- extranodal disease
- ~40% NHL
- systemic symptoms
- fever
- drenching sweats
- weight loss
- pruritis
- fatigue
8
Q
What are the clinical features of multiple myeloma?
A
- bone pain + lytic lesion
- anaemia
- recurrent infections
- renal failure
- amyloidosis
- bleeding tendancy
- hypervicosity syndrome
