Haem Flashcards
IDA Ferritin
LOWERED
IDA TIBC
RAISED
IDA Transferrrin
RAISED
Aplastic anaemia bloods
Pancytopenia
Raised MCV
Anaemia of chronic disease blood film
Rouleaux formation
Anaemia of chronic disease TIBC
LOWERED
Anaemia of chronic disease Ferritin
RAISED
Chronic renal failure anaemia
normocytic, normochromic
Lead poisoning blood film
Basophilic stippling
Microcytic anaemia
Causes of WARM agglutinin autoimmune haemolytic anaemia
Lymphoproliferative diseases
SLE
Drugs (penicillin)
Causes of COLD agglutinin autoimmune haemolytic anaemia
Mycoplasma
EBV
G6PD deficiency blood film
bite cells
heinz bodies
Causes of MAHA
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
Haemolytic uraemic syndrome
DIC
SLE
MAHA presentation/ blood film
Jaundice
Schistocytes
Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria
Haemolysis, haemoglobinuria, thrombophilia
Positive Ham’s test
Howell-Jolly bodies indicate
Hyposplenism
What is anisocytosis
Variation in size of circulating erythrocytes
Causes of anisocytosis
IDA, thalassemia, megaloblastic anaemia, sideroblastic anaemia
Myelofibrosis diagnostics
Tear drop cells (dacrocytes)
Pancytopenia
Hepatosplenomegaly
Bone marrow tap = dry and bloody tap
What do cabot rings indicate
Megaloblastic anaemia
Multiple myeloma blood film
Rouleaux formation
What do target cells indicate
Thalassemia
Asplenia
Liver disease
What do pappenheimer bodies indicate
lead poisoning
sideroblastic anaemia
haemolytic anaemia
Haemophilia A APTT
Prolonged, (factor 8)
Symptoms of idiopathic TTP
MAHA, renal failure, thrombocytopenia, fever, neuro signs
DIC causes
Gram negative sepsis, malignancy, trauma, placental abruption, amniotic fluid embolism
vWD symptoms
gum bleeding, epistaxis, prolonged bleeding after surgery
vWD clotting studies
Prolonged/ normal APTT
normal PT
Reduced fatcor 8
Condition that causes impaired degradation of factor 5 by protein C, causing DVT and miscarriage
Factor V Leidan
Patient presents with stroke/ DVT/ miscarriage, bloods show anti-cardiolipin antibodies and lupus anticoagulant
Antiphospholipid syndrome
Patient presents with claudication, imaging shows corkscrew appearance of arteries, history of smoking
Buerger’s disease
Patient with venous thrombosis, condition resulting in reduced degradation of factors 5a and 8a
Protein S deficiency
Patient having a blood transfusion. Becomes short of breath, coughs up pink frothy sputum, has distended neck veins
Fluid overload
Patient having a blood transfusion. They are immunosuppressed. Symptoms of diarrhoea, maculopapular rash and skin necrosis soon develop.
Graft vs Host Disease
Patient having a blood transfusion. Previous history includes recurrent chest/ gi infections. They soon develop severe anaphylaxis
IgA deficiency
Patient having a blood transfusion. Develop dry cough, dyspnoea and fever within 6 horus of transfusion
Transfusion related lung injury
Patient having a blood transfusion. 1-2 horus post-transfusion they develop abdo pain, loin pain, vomiting haemoglobinuria. Blood is ABO incompatible
Immediate haemlytic transfusion reaction
Patient having a blood transfusion. They show bronzed skin, short stature and heart failure.
Iron overload
Patient having a blood transfusion post-pregnancy. Develop a low fever and rigors.
Febrile non-haemolytic reaction
Elderly patient shows raised WCC with raised granulocytes. Bone marrow biopsy shows hypercellularity. Chromosomal detection between 9 and 22 present
CML
Middle aged patient with splenomegaly, heaptomegaly and pancytopenia. CD25 and CD11c are expressed. Tumour cells express tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase.
Hairy cell leukaemia
Down syndrome patient, anaemia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia. Bone marrow >20% myeloblasts. Blood film shows Auer rods
AML
Elderly man with tiredness and weight loss. Lymphocytosis, with smudge cells visible on blood film.
CLL
Large lymphocytes in blood stream and bone marrow containing azurophilic granules
Large granular pymphocytic leukaemia
African teenager with latent EBV has mandibular (if endemic)/ abdominal mass. Cells show starry sky appearance under microscope.
Burkitt lymphoma
Elderly man with generalised lymphadenopathy, heaptomegaly, pancytopenia. Translocation between 11 and 14 causing overexpression of cyclin D1. Agressive b cell lymphoma
Mantle cell lymphoma
Middle aged man with painless generalised lymphadenopathy. BCL-2 overexpression leads to centrocytes and centroblasts on blood film
Follicular lymphoma
Patient with latent EBV/ HHV8 shows same chromosomal translocation as follicular lymphoma. large lymphocytes with diffuse pattern of growth
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
Cutaneous T cell lymphoma in elderly man with rash like lesions similar to eczema or psoriasis.
Mycosis fungoides
Cutaneous masses in nasal area. Tumours with NK cell markers and EBV infection
angiocentric lymphoma
Essential thrombocythaemia treatment
Hydroxyurea or anagrelide
Patient with heaptosplenomegaly. Blood counts initially showed raised WCC and platelet counts, now show pancytopenia. Blood film leukoerythroblastic, shows tear-drop cells, circulating megakaryocytes. Bone marrow aspirate is dry/ bloody tap.
Myelofibrosis
Patient with fever, fatigue, night sweats and hepatosplenomegaly. Bloods show monocytosis and eosinophilia.
Chronic myelo-monocytic leukaemia
Patient with headcahes/ dizziness/ stroke, pruritis after baths, peptic ulcers, and gout. JAK2 mutation. Raised haemoglobin, WCC and platelets, reduced EPO.
Polycythaemia rubra vera
Rheumatoid arthritis type of anaemia
anaemia of chronic disease
Causes of raised ESR
Temporal arteritis
Myeloma
AUtoimmune disease
Polymyalgia rheumatica
Patient with non-caseating granulomas, bilhilar lymphadenopathy and monocytosis
Sarcoidosis
Monocytosis causes
Sarcoidosis
Brucellosis
Typhoid
Varicella zoster
CMML
Secondary polycythaemia causes
renal cell carcinoma
chronic hypoxia
solid tumour
renal disease
Eosinophilia causes
schistosomiasis
allergic disease
neoplasms
NSAIDs
leuko-erythroblastic film causes
miliary TB
myelofibrosis
cancers
neutrophilia causes
acute pancreatitis
UC
steroids
blood transfusion leading to symptoms of non-cardiogenic pulmonary oedema (SOB, hypoxia, without peripheral oedema, crepitations)
transfusion related acute lung injury
post transfusion chills, fever, back/ chest pain, hypotension, dark urine, uncontrolled bleeding (DIC)
ABO incompatibility
when do delayed haemolytic transfusion reactions happen
more than 24 hours after transfusion
when do febrile haemolytic transfusion reactions happen
less than 24 hours after transfusion
what does a positive osmotic fragility test show
spherocytes are present
what is the schilling test used for
B12 deficiency - pernicious anaemia
when do you get pencil cells
iron deficiency anaemia
thalassaemia
pyruvate kinase deficiency
when do you get target cells
hepatic pathology
hyposplenism
haemglobinopathies
what do splenectomy patients require lifelong
penicillin V prophylaxis
pneumococcal conjugate vaccine
human influenza B vaccine
meningococcal vaccine
acute worsening of a sickle cell patient’s baseline anaemia –> sob, fatigue with a fever
aplastic crisis precipitated by parvovirus 19
sudden haemoglobinuria and jaundice after exposure to cold temperatures
paroxysmal cold haemoglobinuria
common anaemia in coeliac
iron deficiency anaemia
primary cause of aplastic anaemia
congenital (Fanconi’s anaemia)
idiopathic
secondary causes of aplastic anaemia
cytotoxics
carbamezepine
chloramphenicol
anticonvulsants
ionizing radiation
viruses
haemochromatosis iron studies
RAISED iron
RAISED ferritin
RAISED transferrin
LOW/ NORMAL TIBC
TTP features
MAHA
Fever
Renal failure
fluctuating CNS signs
haematuria/ proteinuria
low platelet count
vitamin k dependent clotting/ anticoagulant factors
factor 2, 7, 9 and 10
proteins C, S and Z
what can happen in the first few days of starting warfarin
a transient HYPERcoagulable state due to impaired protein S and protein C production
what can massive blood transfusion cause
thrombocytopenia
conditions with a raised ESR but NOT CRP
SLE
MM
lymphoma
anaemia
pregnancy
smokers polycythaemia
combined polycythaemia (due to both increased EPO and decreased plasma volume)
polycythaemia rubra vera mutation
V617F point mutation in exon 14 of JAK2
G6PD inheritance
X-linked
what does a positive result for blood on urine dip indicate
either
blood
haemoglobinuria
myoglobinuria
red cell mass in polycythaemia
INCREASED
which blood product contains vWF
cryoprecipitate
smudge cells
CLL
haptoglobin concentration in haemolysis
decreased
beta-thalassemia trait HbA2
increased
Burkitt’s lymphoma translocation
8;14
imatinib MOA
tyrasine kinase inhibitor
treats CML
what can vWD be treated with
desmopressin
what percentage of blasts is regarded as leukaemic transformation in myelodysplastic syndrome
> 20%
what is the most likely cause of mortality in myelodysplastic syndrome
infection, rather than leukaemic transformation
factor V leiden pathology
activated protein C resistance
mutated protein in hereditary sphereocytosis
spectrin
how is intrinsic pathway activity measured
APTT
how is extrinsic pathway activity measured
PT
first line small molecule inhibitor used in CLL treatment
Ibrutinib
how to urgently reversw LMWH
protamine sulfate
myelofibrosis erythrocyte description
dacrocyte
transformation of CLL into a high grade lymphoma
richter’s transformation
hereditary spherocytosis inheritance
autosomal dominant
which haemoglobin chain is mutated in sickle cell disease
beta globin
which drug inhibits fusion protein BCR-ABL and is used in CML treatment
imatinib
myeloproliferative syndromes all carry a risk of transformation into what
AML
does haemophilia affect bleeding time
NO
what can white cells sometimes be confused with in automated white cell counts
reticulocytes
skeletal abnormalities (abnormal thumbs), short stature, cafe au lait spots, pancytopenia
fanconi anaemia
cigar cells
iron deficiency anaemia
neutropenia, fatty stools, short stature, pancreatic dysfunction
schwachman diamond syndrome
nail dystrophy, oral leukoplakia, hyperpigmentation of skin creases, pulomary fibrosis, bone marrow failure
dyskeratosis congenita
heparin induced thrombocytopenia management
bivalirudin
or argatroban
dic management
supportive
DVT treatment
DOAC
tumour lysis syndrome prophylaxis
rasburicase
tumour lysis syndrome bloods
HYPERkalaemia
HYPERphosphataemia
HYPOcalcaemia
RAISED urate
quickly raise platelet count in ITP
IV Ig
profound renal failure in DVT
warfarin