ha? Flashcards
About 99% of the atmosphere is composed of two gases
Oxygen & Nitrogen
TRUE OR FALSE: The composition of gases in the atmosphere is uniform
False: It is not uniform
(what) gases tend to rise to the top.
Lighter
Lowest layer
Troposphere
what later of the atmosphere is ozone located
Stratosphere
This is where we live and where Weather occurs
troposphere
Temp increases with height
stratosphere
Absorbs most of the damaging Ultraviolet sunlight (UV-B)
stratosphere
Majority of meteors burn up
Mesosphere
Very few molecules
Thermosphere
Trivia: High energy solar particles create excited N and O atoms, visible light results as electrons in these atoms fall from excited states to lower energy states.
It is where the aurora forms
Thermosphere
the rupture of a chemical bond reacting from absorption of a photon by a molecule.
Photodissociation
occurs when a molecule in the upper atmosphere absorbs solar radiation and the absorbed energy causes an electron to be ejected from the molecule.
Photoionization
causes electrons to be knocked out of molecules in the upper atmosphere; very little of this radiation reaches the earth’s surface.
Short wavelength radiation
TRUE OR FALSE: Oxygen has a much lower bond enthalpy than nitrogen and is therefore more reactive.
TRUE
unit of frequency
Hertz (Hz)
amount of energy needed to remove an electron.
Ionization Energy
is a ring of protective gases around the earth that absorbs harmful UV rays before they reach the surface.
Ozone Layer
Because Oxygen atom reacts with (what) so O + O2 = O3. And O3 is ozone.
Oxygen Molecules
rays are the most common and cause skin aging and wrinkling.
UVA
- (?) UV-A is absorbed while (?) % passes through the layer.
5% and 95%
rays cause sunburns, cataracts, and immune system damage.
UVB
95% is absorbed and 5% passes through
UVB
rays, the most dangerous, are absorb by our ozone layer.
UVC
100% absorbed and none passes through.
UVC
Ozone absorbs much of the radiation between 240 and 310 mm. It forms from reactions of molecular oxygen with the oxygen atoms produced in the upper atmosphere by
Photodissociation
OZONE DEPLETING CHEMICALS
CFCS
HCFCs
Halons
Methyl Bromide
In what year did Rowland and Molina (Nobel Prize, 1995) discover that chlorine from chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) may be depleting the supply of ozone in the upper atmosphere.
1974
What is CFCs
Chloroflourocarbons
TRIVIA: 2023’s ozone hole ranks as the 16th largest in 44 years of available satellite data.
These were used for years as aerosol propellants and refrigerants.
CFCs
They are not water soluble (so they do not get washed out of the atmosphere by rain) and are quite unreactive (so they are not degraded naturally.)
CFCs
Although this layer is made up almost entirely of nitrogen and oxygen, other gases present in relatively small amounts still have a profound effect on this layer.
Troposphere
is a by-product of the burning of coal or oil.
Sulfur Oxide
It is primarily responsible for acid rain.
Sulfuric Acid
It is a broad term that includes any form of precipitation with acidic components, such as sulfuric and nitric acid that fall to the ground from the atmosphere in wet of dry forms.
ACID RAIN or ACID DEPOSITION
High acidity in rainfall causes what in building materials.
Corrosion
TRUE OR FALSE One way to reduce the quantity of SO2 released into the environment is to remove sulfur from coal and oil before these fuels are burned.
TRUE
SO2 can be removed by what.. which is converted to calcium oxide.
Injecting powdered limestone
- Nitrogen oxides are primary components of
Smog
- these are primary components of smog
Nitrogen Oxides
refers to the pollution condition that occurs in certain urban environments when weather conditions produce relatively stagnant air mass.
SMOG
trivia: Smog also contains ozone, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and particles.
- The smog made famous by what is more accurately described as photochemical smog because photochemical processes play a major role in its formation.
Los Angeles
Known sometimes as “London Smog”
Industrial Smog
More grayish in color
Industrial Smog
More brownish in color
Photochemical Smog
This sulfurous smog is mostly from the burning coal or oil at large power plants.
Industrial Smog
This is directly related to automobile use.
Photochemical Smog
O3 is an important ingredient of what smog
Photochemical Smog
T/F: to screening out harmful short-wavelength radiation, the atmosphere is essential in maintaining a reasonably uniform and moderate temperature on Earth’s surface.
True
Gases in the atmosphere form an insulating blanket that causes the Earth’s thermal consistency. This blanketing effect is known as the
“greenhouse effect”.
Two of the most important atmospheric gases are
carbon dioxide and water vapor.
The effect of this is to warm the Earth’s surface and the lower atmosphere.
Greenhouse gases
are mostly naturally occurring gases that allow inside and UV radiation from the sun to pass through them, but absorb some of the IR radiation emitted by the Earth’s surface.
Greenhouse gases
Since the industrial revolution, the atmospheric concentration all major greenhouse has increased – most noticeably – what
carbon dioxide.
3 Greenhouse Gases in the Atmosphere:
Water Vapor
Nitrous Oxide
Methane
3 Natural Sources of Greenhouse Gases:
Plant & Animal Respiration
Volcanic Eruptions
Forrest Fires
4Humans Actions Increasing Greenhouse Gases:
Urbanization
Deforestation
Burning fossil fuels: automobiles for Electricity for some industry.
Agriculture: fertilizing crops raising livestock.
TRIVIA:
Effects of Climate Change:
Warmer oceans
Rising oceans
More acidic oceans
Shrinking glaciers
Melting Antarctic sheet ice
Increasingly sever U.S heat waves
it is the most important and abundant chemical on Earth.
Water
It makes up 80% of the Earth’s surface.
Water
The removal of salts from seawater or brackish water to make the water tube is called
desalination
Because of high salt content, this type of water is unfit for human consumption and for most of the uses to which we put water.
seawater
Seawater can be desalinated using
reverse osmosis.
Trivia: In a modern reverse-osmosis facility, hollow fibers are used as the semipermeable membrane.
Raw water undergoes several treatment processes before it passes the standards for potable water.
WATER TREATMENT PROCESS
water treatment consists of the what processes
coagulation/flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection/chlorination
Raw water coming straight from the dams carries soil, dirt, and dissolved mineral. The raw water is first treated with chlorine to get rid of any germs. Chemical polymer or “coagulants” are mixed uniformly into the water the dissolved minerals and dirt lump together. The lumps either float or sink. The water then passes through machines called “flocculators” that remove the dirt that floats.
coagulation/flocculation
- The “flocs” then pass through large pools called settling basins to remove dirt that sinks. Heavy flocs will settle at the bottom of the tanks while the clarified water will be collected.
sedimentation
- Finally, the water flows through several filter beds that act like fine strainers, each one finer than the next, to remove microscopic impurities.
filtration
- After even the smallest impurities have been removed, the water is again injected with chlorine gas to kill any microbes or germs that may contaminate water.
disinfection/chlorination
4 Sources of water
- Surface water
- Underground water
- Rain water
- Estuarine and sea water
4 TYPES OF IMPURITIES FOUND IN WATER
- Dissolved Impurities
- Suspended impurities
- Dissolved Impurities
- Bacterial Impurities
the waters which do not produce lather or produces very little lather with soap are known as
hard water
On the other hand, (BLANK) water produces a lot of lather when mixed with a little of soap.
Soft water
The hardness of water sample is usually taken as a measure of its Ca2+ and Mg2+content.
Hardness
is mainly due to the presence of bicarbonate of calcium and magnesium.
Temporary Hardness
Two types of hardness
Temporary and Permanent
it is due to the presence of chlorides and sulphates of calcium and magnesium. It cannot be removed by simply boiling the water.
Permanent Hardness
o It can be removed easily by boiling the water. On boiling bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium get decomposed and formed insoluble carbonates or hydroxides which can be removed in the form of precipitates.
Temporary Hardness
4 UNITS OF HARDNESS
Parts per million (ppm)
Milligrams per liter (mg/L)
Degree French (°Fr)
Degree Clark (°Cl)
is defined as number of parts calcium carbonate equivalent hardness present per 106 parts of water. This is most common unit for expressing the hardness of water.
Parts per million (ppm)
is defined as the number of milligrams of CaCo3equivalent hardness present per liter of water.
Milligrams per liter (mg/L)
it is defined as the number of parts of CaCo3 equivalent present per 105 parts of water
Degree French (°Fr)
– is the number of grains (1/7000 lb.) of CaCO3 equivalent present per gallon (10 lbs. or 70,000 grams)
Degree Clark (°Cl)
TRIVIA: 1 ppm = 1mg/L = 0.1 °Fr = 0.07 °Cl
2 types of TREATMENT OF HARD WATER
External Treatment
Internal Treatment
3 processes under external treatment
Lime Soda Process
Zeolite Process
Ion Exchange Process
3 conditioning under Internal Treatment
Colloidal Conditioning
Phosphate Conditioning
Calgon Conditioning
It is the most important method of chemical water softening
Lime Soda Process
In this process all the soluble hardness causing impurities are chemically converted into insoluble precipitates, which may be removed by settling and filtration.
Lime Soda Process
- The word zeolite is derived from two Greek words (zein + lithos) which means .
boiling stone
They are also known as permutits.
Zeolite Process
The process of complete removal of all ions present in water is called
demineralization
This consists of adding chemicals directly to the water in the boilers for removing dangerous scale forming salts which were not completely removed in the external treatment for water softening.
Internal Treatment
This is mainly used as a corrective treatment to remove the slight residual hardness and also sometimes to remove the corrosive tendencies in water.
Internal Treatment
In this method, we add sodium carbonate to boiler water, so that salt like CaSO4 etc. are converted into calcium carbonate and can be removed.
Carbonate Conditioning
It is applicable to high pressure boilers. In this method, an excess of soluble phosphate is added to boiler water.
Phosphate Conditioning
Scale formation can also be minimized by adding some colloidal conditioning agents such as glue, agar agar, tannins, starches, sea weed extract into the boiler feed water.
Colloidal Conditioning
Another approach for preventing scale formation is to convert the scale forming salts into highly soluble complexes which are not easily precipitated under the boiler conditions.
Calgon Conditioning
The outermost layer of the earth
Soil
A natural product formed from weathered rock by the action of climate and living organisms.
Soil
A collection of natural bodies of earth that is composed of mineral and organic matter, and is capable of supporting plant growth.
Soil
Soil develop on top of Earth’s land surface as a thin layer, known as the pedosphere. This thin layer is a precious natural resource and so deeply affects every part of ecosystem that it is often called the
“Great Integrator”.
Yellow, light green-white coloring, plants are stunted
Zinc Deficiency
Stunted growth, dark bluish green leaves, purple veins on underside of leaves
PHOSPHORUS DEFICIENCY
- Plants absorb nutrients through two structures:
roots and leaves.
TRUE OR FALSEThe roots absorb carbon dioxide and the leaves absorb all the other nutrients.
False,the leaves abcorb CO2 and roots absorb all the other nutrients.
Means to be held onto the outside of something. In soils this refers to how ions are help to the outer surfaces of mineral and organic particles.
ADSORPTION
Means to be taken into something, such as water being taken up by a sponge or nutrients being taken into plant roots.
ABSORPTION
Refers to agricultural practices based on maintaining soil fertility through organic matter.
ORGANIC
Colloids, because of their small size, have a high relative area that has a charge, so they can absorb cations.
Soil Colloids
TRIVIA: The cation exchange capacity (CEC) is the number of cations available for exchange in soil.
Is a measure of the ability of the soil to absorb cations.
CATION EXCHANGE CAPACITY (CEC)
Most solid have at least some ability to hold onto cations at negatively charged sites, called what, on soil particles.
Exhange sites
TRUE or False The ideal cation exchange capacity, or CEC, is between 10 – 30 mg per 100 grams.
TRUE
TRIVIA: Solid with a low CEC will respond really well to liquid fertilizers, for example, because they are quickly absorbed and utilized. If CEC is increased, the soil can hold more nutrients and release them for plant growth.
- The ability of a soil to negate these often-harmful assaults on the environment is called the
soil cation exchange capacity (Soil CEC).
it can be thought of as the ability of soil to hold on to nutrients.
CEC
is the most important determinant of the growing capabilities of a soil sample.
pH
is most responsible for determining the availability of nutrients and minerals.
soil pH
A pH between 6 and what is usually most ideal for plant growth (although some plants have adapted for different pH’s)
7
In clay-heavy soils, the clay and humus particles form a structure called
micelle.
is a series of soil layers below the soil surface that have certain properties because of how the soil was formed.
soil profile
the layer of organic matter on the surface of a mineral soil
O
Topsoil. The mineral soil horizon on the surface with organic matter and low clay.
A
the horizon of maximum leaching. Not in all soils, but in present, is located just below the “A” horizon; whitish color.
E
Subsoil. Horizon most often located below A horizon. The zone of maximum clay accumulation; salt accumulation
B
Weathered rock. Lies below the “A” and/or “B” horizons and has NOT been acted upon by the soil forming processes
C
the hard, consolidated rock beneath the soil
R
THIS SOIL CHARACTERIZATION is determined by the chemical coatings on soil particles, the amount of organic matter in the soil, and moisture content of the soil.
COLOR
the soil characteristic that refers to the natural shape of aggregates of soil particles, called peds, in the soil.
STRUCTURE
resembles cookie crumbs and is usually less than 0.5 cm in diameter. Commonly found in surface horizons where roots have been growing.
granular
Irregular blocks that are usually 1.5 – 5.0 cm in diameter.
blocky
Vertical columns of soils that might be a number of cm long. Usually found in lower horizons.
prismatic
Vertical columns of soil that have a white, rounded salt “cap” at the top. Found in soils of arid climates.
columnatic
thin, flat plates of soil that lie horizontally. Usually found in compacted soil.
Platy
Soil is broken into individual particles that do not stick together. Always accompanies a loose consistence. Commonly found in sandy soils.
Single Grained
Soil has no visible structure, is hard to break apart and appears in very large clods.
Massive
describes how a soil feels and is determined by the amounts of sand, silt, and clay particles present in the soil sample. (soil characteristic)
texture
describes the firmness of the individual peds and the degree to which they break apart.
Consistence
you have trouble picking out a single ped and the structure falls apart before you handle it.
Loose
The ped breaks with a small amount of pressure.
Friable
The ped breaks when you apply a larger amount of pressure and the ped dents your fingers before it breaks.
Firm
The ped can’t be crushed with your fingers (you need a hammer)
extremely firm
the percentage of interconnected space in rock and soil that can contain water
porosity
the degree to which the pores in the rock or soil are connected together so that water can move.
permeability
Is usually found where streams and rivers once flowed or in an area where water tends to sit after heavy rainfall.
clay soil
is composed of fine materials and little organic materials.
clay soil
It is not an ideal soil to use when building a foundation because it is not stable.
clay soil
- To build a foundation on this soil, the ground has to be dug deeper to increase its stability.
clay
TRUE OR FALSE: The appropriate type of foundation technique for clay soil is a drilled pier or a slab-on-grade foundation technique.
TRUE
is formed from the breakdown of certain rocks like granite, quartz, limestone. It is low in nutrients and cannot hold water.
Sand and Gravel
it is a bad choice for agricultural purposes.
Sand and Gravel
-As for building foundations, these are suitable because they have large particles, which aid the quick drainage of water
Sand And gravel
is the right choice to use for the construction of larger buildings like skyscrapers, duplex, and multistory buildings; this is because of its high bearing capacity.
Rock
They have great stability and depth.
rock
Bedrock is layer of rock that is beneath a soil surface. It is made up of igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic rock. It is stable and can resist water damage. This makes it a good choice for construction.
rock
this is the best soil for building formations. It is also called agriculture soil because it is the best soil for planting.
Loam Soil
- It is the best and richest soil for planting crops because it contains sand, silt, humus and can retain moisture and nutrients.
Loam Soil
- It is the ideal soil to build foundation due to its sand, silt, and clay constituents, which are the right combination for construction.
Loam Soil
is found in the wetlands.
Peat Soil
- Although some crops can grow well on it, it is wet and not usually the best choice for agricultural purposes.
Peat Soil
-The unstable nature of this soil makes it one of the worst soil to build a structure or foundation on.
peat
