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Introduction Criminology > H1 t/m H5 > Flashcards

H1 t/m H5 Flashcards

1
Q

Definition Criminology

A

The study of crime; justice and law; other issues; the broader dynamics of societies in terms of informing how those things exist and are experienced

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2
Q

What are factors to consider when seeking to explore and understand crime & justice?

A
  • social & cultural context
  • political climate
  • nature of the economy
  • process of globalisation
  • technological progress
  • human rights agenda
    etc….
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3
Q

skills & competences of a criminologist

A
  • finding appropriate materials
  • using materials in appropriate way (evidence driven —> arguments supported by appropriate evidence)
  • being a critical enquirer
  • being a reflective learner
  • being a pragmatic researcher
  • being digitally competent
  • being an advocate for change
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4
Q

Definition criminal justice system

A

the process through which the state responds to behaviour that is deemed unacceptable

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5
Q

Stages of criminal justice

A
  • charge
  • prosecution
  • trial
  • sentence
  • appeal
  • punishment
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6
Q

Processes & agencies of the criminal justice system

A
  • law-making
  • enforcement of law (police)
  • processing, defence & sentencing of suspect (via crown prosecution & court system)
  • instruments for punishment (prison & probation)
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7
Q

deviancy

A

= acts that are outside of mainstream values & norms of a society; may be illegal or legal, but will often eventually become formally criminalized when there is enough reaction

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8
Q

Harms based approach

A

There are harms caused by behaviours that are often not dealt with by law. The approach considers a range of issues (not explicitly focusing on crime ), such as working conditions —> harm carried out against people and groups, which demands attention & action)

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9
Q

acquisitive crimes

A

acts that involve the acquisition of property, money or anything else that is a tangible reward

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10
Q

expressive crimes

A

acts that do not, seemingly, involve the acquisition of goods, but instead are linked to emotions and emotional release where the act itself is the goal

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11
Q

property crimes

A

acts involving the acquisition of property or damage to property

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12
Q

crimes against the person

A

crimes that directly involve an act against an individual or group of people

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13
Q

sexual offences

A

acts covering all manner of unwanted or inappropriate sexual behaviour against a person, or group, physical or otherwise

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14
Q

white-collar crime

A

acts committed by people usually in a work context, for their own personal gain, offending within respectable or status-based professions, as opposed to ‘blue-collar’ workers (manual workers)

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15
Q

corporate crime

A

acts committed by/on behalf of a company that in some way benefit company goals

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16
Q

crimes of the powerful

A

acts committed by those in positions of power, where they are abusing their position of power and acting with some form of corruption and impunity

17
Q

state crimes

A

acts committed, or commissioned, or advocated in some way by the States to achieve their goals

18
Q

peace crimes, including crimes against humanity

A

acts that are so abhorrent or terrible, that they go against humanity as a whole, and they have their own lable

19
Q

social harms

A

linked to the harms-based definition of crime. Acts that harm communities or specific groups of people and are often not dealt with by formal laws

20
Q

war crimes

A

acts committed during conflicts and wars, whereby state actors breach domestic or usually international laws regarding warfare, and usually involve a disregard for human rights

21
Q

status offences/crimes

A

acts that are prohibited, usually only for certain groups or in the context of certain conditions

22
Q

hate crimes

A

acts committed where the victim or victims are targeted because of their personal characteristics

23
Q

cybercrime

A

acts committed using or facilitated by emerging information and communication technologies, typically the internet

24
Q

problems with theory

A
  • heuristic tools —> mental shortcuts / simplifications for making sense of something
  • unrealistic simplificatinos
  • gaps in theory (one theory needs to fill in the gap of another)
  • assumption of early writers did not take into account the full complexity of human behaviour and decision-making
25
Q

classicism (theory)

A

offending as a consequence of people choosing to commit crime, based on them weighing-up situations and likely outcomes
- free will; choice
- crime as a rational act

26
Q

positivism (theory)

A

there is individual positivism & social/sociological positivism

people engage in offending because they are influenced by forces outside of their own control / some people don’t have the capacity to act rationally

actions influenced by:
- internal forces (biology, psychology)
- external forces (social conditions, culture)

27
Q

critical theories

A

they challenge the status quo, and ask questions of the role of the state, laws and the criminal justice system

how crime is defined, who is labelled as offenders, how crime is responded to, are often said to relate to inequality, power, and even social control

28
Q

5 blocks of theory

A
  1. choice and decision-making
  2. individual pathologies
  3. social pathologies
  4. critical approaches
  5. integrated accounts
29
Q

block 1: choice and decision-making

A

offending as a rational decision-making process
- expected outcome
- classicism
- response to crime: make offending more difficult & punishment outweighs gains of crime

30
Q

block 2: individual pathologies

A

offending as a consequence in some way of biological or psychological abnormalities of an offender
- positivism
- response: treating/rehabilitating offenders to remove abnormalities/pathology that caused the offending

31
Q

block 3: social pathologies

A

offending as consequence of an abnormality or pathology in the context outside of an individual

32
Q

block 4: critical approaches

A

crime in the context of wider social processes, such as inequality, class, power and marginalization of some groups
- crime as a response mechanism or surviving in groups

33
Q

block 5: integrated accounts

A

combined elements of ideas from other blocks for a more comprehensive or complete understanding

34
Q

Counting crime: what to count?

A

Depends on what is defined as crime, which can vary also. Measures for counting crime tended to follow the legal definition of crime.

35
Q

2 measures to count crime

A
  1. official crime data (official statistics; police reports)
  2. information taken from victimization survey work
  3. self-report survey (extrapolating from victimization survey data) —> unreported crimes of unrecognized crime by victim, or victimless crimes
  4. data from non-governmental organisations & investigative journalism

first 2 are the main measurements

36
Q

process of official recorded data

A
  1. recognizing the crime
  2. reporting it
  3. recorded

for crime event to end up in data it has to have gone through the 3 stages

37
Q

attribution

A

more and more of the total is lost over time through various stages

38
Q

self-report surveys

A

counting crime with an offender-focused approach

Introduction Criminology (3 decks)

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