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1
Q

What are the concepts of health and wellbeing?

A

Physical, social, emotional, mental, and spiritual dimensions

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2
Q

Define health and wellbeing.

A

The overall state of a person’s physical, social, emotional, mental and spiritual existence, characterised by an equilibrium in which the individual feels happy, healthy, capable and engaged

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3
Q

What does subjective health and wellbeing mean?

A

Health and wellbeing means different things to different people and is influenced by personal beliefs, feelings or opinions

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4
Q

What is the dynamic nature of health and wellbeing?

A

A person’s health and wellbeing is constantly changing, which can be gradual or quick

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5
Q

Differentiate between illness and disease.

A

Illness is a subjective concept related to personal experience of disease or injury; disease is a physical or mental disturbance involving symptoms of dysfunction or tissue damage

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of physical health and wellbeing?

A
  • Body weight
  • Functioning of the body and its systems
  • Strong immune system
  • Energy levels
  • Freedom from illness, disease and injury
  • Ability to complete daily tasks
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7
Q

Define social health and wellbeing.

A

Relates to the ability to form meaningful and satisfying relationships with others and manage or adapt to different social situations

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8
Q

What are the characteristics of emotional health and wellbeing?

A
  • Recognise and understand the range of emotions
  • Experience appropriate emotions in different scenarios
  • Effectively respond to and manage emotions
  • Resilience
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9
Q

What does mental health and wellbeing encompass?

A

The current state of the mind and brain, relating to the ability to think and process information

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10
Q

List the characteristics of spiritual health and wellbeing.

A
  • Sense of belonging
  • Peace and harmony
  • Acting according to values and beliefs
  • Meaning and purpose in life
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11
Q

What is the Ottawa Charter?

A

A document that identifies prerequisites for health and wellbeing, guiding governments and other groups on improving health

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12
Q

What are the prerequisites for health according to the WHO?

A
  • Peace
  • Shelter
  • Education
  • Food
  • Income
  • Stable ecosystem
  • Sustainable resources
  • Social justice and equity
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13
Q

How does peace influence health?

A

Decreases risk of premature death and serious injury, reduces stress levels, and enhances the ability to pursue meaningful life

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14
Q

What is food security?

A

The state in which all persons obtain nutritionally adequate, culturally appropriate, safe food regularly through local non-emergency sources

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15
Q

Fill in the blank: The measure of burden of disease is called _______.

A

Disability-adjusted life year (DALY)

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16
Q

What is the relationship between income and health?

A

Income increases the ability to afford resources such as healthcare, recreation, transport, and education

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17
Q

What is self-assessed health status?

A

A measure based on a person’s own opinion about their health and wellbeing, sourced from population surveys

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18
Q

Define morbidity.

A

Refers to ill health in an individual and the levels of ill health in a population or group

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19
Q

True or False: Disease can usually be diagnosed.

A

True

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20
Q

What is health-adjusted life expectancy (HALE)?

A

A measure of burden of disease based on life expectancy at birth, adjusted for time spent in poor health

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21
Q

Provide an example of how income impacts health and wellbeing.

A

Earning a decent income can mean individuals can afford nutritious foods, promoting a healthy body weight and increasing physical health and wellbeing

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22
Q

What is the role of education in health and wellbeing?

A

Empowers individuals to earn an income, understand health promotion messages, and exhibit healthy behaviours

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23
Q

What is the infant mortality rate?

A

The rate of deaths of infants between birth and their first birthday, usually expressed per 1000 live births

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24
Q

How can optimal health and wellbeing benefit a country?

A

Leads to lower levels of illness and injury, reducing healthcare costs and increasing productivity

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25
What does the burden of disease measure?
The gap between current health status and an ideal situation where everyone lives to an old age free of disease and disability
26
What is the relationship between food access and stress levels?
Access to food decreases stress levels and promotes mental health and wellbeing.
27
How does adequate nutrition affect physical health?
It prevents malnutrition, leading to improved immune system functioning and promoting physical health and wellbeing.
28
29
What are the three categories of factors contributing to variations in health outcomes?
Biological, sociocultural, and environmental factors ## Footnote These categories help to analyze health disparities among different population groups.
30
Which population group is more likely to experience poorer health status compared to Non-Indigenous Australians?
Indigenous Australians ## Footnote Factors include lower socioeconomic status, social exclusion, and lower levels of education.
31
What is the impact of low socioeconomic status (SES) on health outcomes?
Lower levels of education and less money ## Footnote These factors contribute to poorer health outcomes among low SES groups.
32
How does living further away from major cities affect health outcomes?
Lower levels of education and more likely to work outdoors and in manual labor ## Footnote This contributes to poorer health status compared to urban populations.
33
True or False: Males are more likely to engage in risk-taking behavior than females.
True ## Footnote Higher levels of testosterone in males contribute to this tendency.
34
What is a biological factor that significantly impacts health outcomes?
Body weight ## Footnote High body weight can lead to overweight and obesity, affecting various health factors.
35
How does obesity impact heart health?
Increases chances of developing high blood pressure and hypertension ## Footnote This can lead to higher mortality rates due to heart attacks and strokes.
36
What are some health conditions associated with overweight and obesity?
* High blood pressure * High blood cholesterol * Type 2 diabetes * Osteoarthritis * Fatty liver disease * Certain cancers ## Footnote These conditions significantly affect overall health outcomes.
37
What impact does aging have on health and wellbeing?
Decreased levels of fitness and aerobic capacity ## Footnote Aging can also lead to reduced bone density and cognitive functioning.
38
What is hypertension?
High blood pressure ## Footnote It indicates the heart is working harder, increasing the risk of heart attack and stroke.
39
How does high blood cholesterol affect health?
Leads to atherosclerosis and increases cardiovascular disease risk ## Footnote Affects blood flow and can contribute to conditions like vascular dementia.
40
What is impaired glucose regulation?
A condition where cells become resistant to insulin, preventing glucose absorption ## Footnote This is a precursor to type 2 diabetes.
41
What are some consequences of low birth weight?
* Underdeveloped immune system * Higher rates of premature mortality * Increased risk of disabilities ## Footnote These factors can lead to long-term health issues.
42
How does genetics influence health outcomes?
Controls aspects like sex, body type, hormone production, and predisposition to disease ## Footnote Genetic factors can also affect personality and lifestyle choices.
43
What is socioeconomic status (SES)?
A person's position in society based on income, occupation, and education ## Footnote SES significantly influences access to resources and health outcomes.
44
How does income affect health outcomes?
Influences access to resources like housing, food, and health care ## Footnote Adequate income supports healthier lifestyles and reduces morbidity.
45
What role does education play in health outcomes?
Increases health literacy and promotes healthy lifestyles ## Footnote Educated individuals are more likely to access health care and reduce risk behaviors.
46
How can occupations impact health and wellbeing?
* Manual labor may increase work-related injuries * Sedentary jobs can lead to obesity and related conditions ## Footnote The nature of work influences physical health and lifestyle choices.
47
Fill in the blank: Low birth weight is classified as _______.
under 2.5 kilograms ## Footnote This classification is important for assessing health risks in newborns.
48
What is the impact of shift work on health?
Shift work can interfere with sleep patterns and contribute to a lower level of energy (physical).
49
How does employment status relate to health?
Unemployment puts financial strain on individuals and families, leading to higher rates of suicide, lung cancer, and cardiovascular disease.
50
What are social networks?
Social networks relate to the bonds between an individual and their family and peer group, influencing participation in society.
51
What is social exclusion?
Social exclusion refers to the segregation experienced by individuals who are not adequately participating in society.
52
List some causes of social exclusion.
* Mental illness * Disability * Family breakdown * Homelessness * Lack of education and skills * Low income * Relative poverty
53
True or False: Socially connected individuals experience higher morbidity rates.
False
54
What are the impacts of social isolation on health?
Social isolation has been linked to mental illness, suicide, dementia, and premature death.
55
Define social isolation.
Social isolation refers to individuals who are not in regular contact with others.
56
What is the difference between social isolation and loneliness?
Social isolation is the lack of contact with others, while loneliness is the negative feeling associated with insufficient social contact.
57
How does cultural background affect health outcomes?
Cultural backgrounds can influence gender stereotypes, food intake, attitudes, and beliefs impacting health status.
58
What is food security?
Food security is when all persons can obtain nutritionally adequate, culturally appropriate, safe food regularly through local non-emergency sources.
59
List some impacts of food insecurity.
* Reliance on energy-dense, processed foods * Undernourishment leading to immune system dysfunction * Increased stress levels due to uncertainty about food availability
60
What are early life experiences?
Behaviors of women during pregnancy and infancy that can contribute to various health issues later in life.
61
How does maternal smoking affect health?
Maternal tobacco use reduces oxygen supply to the fetus, increasing the risk of low birth weight.
62
What barriers affect access to health care?
Cultural, financial, language, geographical location, and public transport barriers can prevent access to health services.
63
What are commercial factors?
Commercial factors relate to the impact that the private sector has on health and wellbeing, including product marketing and environmental effects.
64
How can poor housing conditions affect health?
Poor ventilation can lead to infectious diseases, and overcrowding can result in mental health issues.
65
What is the impact of the work environment on health?
Factors such as UV exposure, hazardous substances, and dangerous working conditions can significantly impact health status.
66
Fill in the blank: Food security is when all persons can obtain _______.
[nutritionally adequate, culturally appropriate, safe food]
67
True or False: Males are less likely to seek healthcare compared to females due to traditional views of masculinity.
True
68
What is the impact of UV exposure on health status?
Increased rates of skin cancer for those working outdoors. ## Footnote UV radiation exposure is a significant health risk for outdoor workers.
69
How do dangerous working conditions affect workers?
Increased risk of injuries, particularly in industries like farming, fishing, and mining. ## Footnote Heavy machinery use in these sectors heightens injury risks.
70
What are the health risks associated with exposure to hazardous substances?
Burns, poisoning, respiratory diseases, and cancer. ## Footnote Common hazardous substances include paint, asbestos, fuels, and corrosive chemicals.
71
How can a hazardous work environment affect employee mental health?
Increased levels of stress and anxiety due to injury concerns. ## Footnote Stress impacts overall mental wellbeing.
72
What is urban design?
Features and structures in the areas where people live. ## Footnote Urban design includes elements like accessibility to supermarkets and health services.
73
How does proximity to supermarkets and hospitals affect health status?
Decreases morbidity and mortality rates by improving access to food and health care. ## Footnote Accessibility is crucial for maintaining health.
74
What impact does living near fast-food outlets have on health?
Increases frequency of fast-food consumption, contributing to obesity. ## Footnote Areas with socioeconomic disadvantage often have more fast-food outlets.
75
How does the quality of recreational facilities relate to socioeconomic status?
Higher quality facilities in high SES areas contribute to lower obesity rates. ## Footnote Access to recreation supports physical health.
76
What are the potential impacts of urban design on health and wellbeing?
Transportation of ill family members adds costs and stress. ## Footnote Geographic barriers can hinder access to health services.
77
What role does infrastructure play in health outcomes?
Includes sealed roads, electricity supply, clean water, and public transport. ## Footnote Infrastructure is fundamental for public health.
78
How do adequately maintained roads impact health status?
Improve safety and decrease the risk of morbidity and mortality from road trauma. ## Footnote Proper traffic systems are essential for community safety.
79
What is the importance of a reliable water supply?
Reduces incidence of infectious diseases such as dysentery. ## Footnote Clean water access is vital for public health.
80
How does sanitation infrastructure affect health?
Eliminates waste, reducing the risk of infectious diseases like cholera. ## Footnote Proper sanitation is crucial for community health.
81
What benefits do public transport systems provide?
Access to food, employment, health care, and social interaction. ## Footnote Public transport enhances community engagement and wellbeing.
82
How do digital technologies impact social health?
Help maintain social networks, promoting social and mental health and wellbeing. ## Footnote Digital connectivity can reduce mental illness risks.
83
What is the role of digital resources in health education?
Educate consumers on health-related matters, improving health literacy and outcomes. ## Footnote Online resources are increasingly used for health education.
84
How do public spaces contribute to physical health?
Encourage physical activity, reducing risks of mental health problems and obesity. ## Footnote Access to parks and recreation facilities is linked to better health.
85
What are the effects of climate change on health?
Rising sea levels, extreme weather events, and unpredictable weather patterns. ## Footnote Climate change poses significant health risks.
86
How can extreme weather events influence mental health?
Cause considerable stress and anxiety, hindering personal goals. ## Footnote Such events can disrupt daily life significantly.
87
What health issues are exacerbated by bushfire smoke?
Worsens conditions like asthma and cardiovascular disease. ## Footnote Air quality is crucial for respiratory health.
88
How does climate change affect resource access?
Impacts access to water, food, and health care, increasing morbidity and mortality rates. ## Footnote Resource scarcity can lead to health crises.
89
What long-term effects can result from climate-related disasters?
Increase risk of mental health disorders and reduce access to health-promoting resources. ## Footnote Recovery from such events can take years.

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