H&N 3

Question 1

Outer fibrous layer of the eye includes

Answer 1

cornea & sclera

Question 2

middle vascular layer of the eye includes

Answer 2

1. iris
2. ciliary body
3. choroid

Question 3

inner sensory layer of the eye includes

Answer 3

Reitna

Question 4

The crystalline lens divides the eye into an anterior and a posterior segment.
What is the name given to:
1. The watery fluid in the anterior segment?
2. The gel in the posterior segment?

Answer 4

1. Aqueous humour
2. Vitrous humour

Question 5

optic disc vs fovea

Answer 5

optic disk = blind spot
fovea = focal point

Question 6

function of the ciliary muscle + innervation

Answer 6

accommodation
Parasympathetic CNiii

Question 7

what muscles dilate & constrict the pupil & raises eyelid
+ innervation

Answer 7

Sphincter pupillae -> constriction
Dilator papillae -> dilation
levator palbebri superioris

parasympathetic CNiii/sympathetic

Question 8

3 functions of the

1. superior rectus
2. inferior rectus
3. Superior oblique
4. Inferior oblique

Answer 8

1. Elevation, adduction, intortion
2. Depression, extortion, adduction
3. Depression, intortion, abduction
4. Elevation, extortion, abduction

Question 9

Name the ligaments that prevent over-adduction and over-abduction of the eye & state their function

Answer 9

The suspensory ligament/Lockwood’s ligament

connects the ciliary body of the eye with the lens, holding it in place

Question 10

Name the branch of the internal carotid artery that supplies the orbit and the eye.

Which foramina in the orbit do the ophthalmic veins pass through to enter into the cavernous venous sinus in the cranial cavity

Answer 10

the ophthalmic artery

ophthalmic veins exit the orbit via the superior orbital fissure

Question 11

lacrimal gland function + parasympathetic innervation

Answer 11

Fluid is continually secreted from the lacrimal gland and moved across the eyeball

parasympathetic innervation = facial nerve

Question 12

Into which meatus of the nasal cavity does the lacrimal sac drain

Answer 12

lacrimal sac drains into the nasolacrimal duct in the nasolacrimal canal of the maxilla

nasolacrimal duct empties into the inferior meatus of the nasal cavity

Question 13

name & describe the visual field defect if nasal fibres

Answer 13

Bitemporal hemianopia: outer aspect of vision lost in both visual field (tunnel vision)

Question 14

1. What types of joints are found between the ossicles
2. what ossicle is in contact with the tympanic membrane
3. what ossicle is in contact with the oval window

Name two muscles related to the ossicles & their function

Answer 14

1. Gliding synovial joints
2. The malleus
3. The stapes

a. Stapedius: stabilize the stapes. It dampens vibrations passed to the cochlea
b. Tensor tympani: tenses the tympanic membrane, dampening loud noise

Question 15

Within which part of the temporal bone do the middle and inner ear lie & which part surrounds the external auditory opening

Answer 15

petrous part of the temporal bone contains the inner and middle ear

The tympanic part of the temporal bone surrounds the external auditory opening, which leads into the external auditory meatus of the external ear.

Question 16

What is the fluid that lies within the bony labyrinth?

What is the fluid that lies within the membranous labyrinth

Answer 16

perilymph

end-lymphatic fluid

Question 17

what makes up the membranous labyrinth + function of the vestibule

Answer 17

vestibule= utricle & saccule
balance & proprioception

Question 18

what are jugular lymph trunks & where do they drain into

Answer 18

small short paired lymphatic trunks, each one draining one side of the head and neck

RHS- drain into the right lymphatic duct
LHS - drain into the thoracic duct

Question 19

Efferent lymphatic vessels from all of the groups of lymph nodes in the head and neck carry lymph to where

Answer 19

the deep cervical nodes.

Question 20

where is Virchow’s Node and what is its clinical significance

Answer 20

Left Supraclavicular region- receives the lymphatic drainage from the Abdominal cavity and hence can be a sign of disease elsewhere in the body e.g. gastric cancer

Question 21

what is the Pterion

Answer 21

weak area; junction where 4 bones meet:

1. Frontal
2. Parietal
3. Temporal
4. Sphenoid

Question 22

what bone is the sella turcica part of and what runs through it

Answer 22

• the sphenoid bone
• pituitary gland

Question 23

what goes through the Carotid canal

Answer 23

Internal carotid artery & sympathetic plexus

Question 24

what goes through the Foramen spinosum

Answer 24

Middle meningeal artery & vein

Question 25

see at end of WB 3

Answer 25

a) Vomer
b) Occipital bone
c) Temporal bone
d) Palatine bone
e) Medial pterygoid
f) lateral pterygoid
g) paletine process of the maxilla

Question 26

At what age do the fontanelles fuse

Answer 26

Posterior fontanelle (fuses first): 1-2 months

Anterior fontanelle: 9-18 months