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Anatomy - y4 > H&N > Flashcards

H&N Flashcards

1
Q

What muscle draws the eyebrows inferiorly and what branch of the facial nerve is this innervated by?

A

Corrugator supercilli, temporal nerve

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2
Q

What muscle dilates the nasal aperture?

A

Nasalis Alar

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3
Q

Which muscle is responsibel for compressing the nasal aperture

A

Nasalis Transverse

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4
Q

Which muscle on the model depresses the medial angle of the eyebrow resluting in wrinkles on the bridge of the nose and what branches fo the facial nerve innervates this?

A
  • Procerus
  • Temporal and zygomatic
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5
Q

What is the funciton of the depressor septi nasi?

A

Depresses the nasal cartilage

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6
Q

How many muscles raise the upper lip, what are these and the branches of the facial nerve that innervate them?

A
  • 5
  • Zygmaticus major and minor, Levator labii superioris, levator anguli oris, levator labii superioris alaeque nasi
  • Zygmatic and buccal
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7
Q

Which muscle pulls the corner of the mouth laterally

A

Risorius

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8
Q

How many muscles depress the lower lip, what are they and the branch of the facial nerve innervating all of them?

A
  • 3
  • Depressor anguli Oris, depressor labii inferioris, mentalis
  • Marginal mandibular branch
  • The deepest is mentalis
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9
Q

Cranial nerve that passes through the formane ovale

A

Mandibular division of the trigeminal CNV2

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10
Q

WHat branch of the internal carotid artery passes through the optic canal?

A

Opthalmic artery

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11
Q

What structure in the middle cranial fossa houses th epituitary gland

A

Dorsum sellae (sella turcica)

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12
Q

WHat formaine is closedin by a cartilagenous plug?

A

Foramen lacerum

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13
Q

What formaen to the roots of the spinal accessory nerve tarvel through

A

Jugular foramen

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14
Q

4 arteries that provide branches to supply the face

A
  • Maxillary artery
  • Opthalmic
  • Facial
  • superficial temporal
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15
Q

What artery passes deep to the submandibular gland and gives branches that supply the lips and lateral aspect of the nose

A

Fcaial

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16
Q

WHat vessels lie superior to the frontalis muscle

A
  • Supraorbital
  • Supratrochlear
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17
Q

WHta artery can be felt pulsating immediately anterior to the ear

A
  • Superficial temporal artery
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18
Q

What artery passes deep to the parotid gland

A

Transverse facial

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19
Q

What artery can be felt pulsating superficial to the inferior border of the mandible

A

Facial

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20
Q

Which dural venous sinus can the veins of the forehead, scalp and upper lid drain into?

A

Cavernous sinus

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21
Q

Which venous plexus can theveins upper lip and nose drian in to?

A

Pterygoid venous plexus

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22
Q

WHta veins come together to form the retromandibular vein

A

Superficial temporal vein

Maxillary vein

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23
Q

The retromandibular vein splits into anterior and posterior divisons. The anterior divison drains into common facial vein. WHat does the posterior division drain into?

A

External jugular vein

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24
Q

What vein passes superficial to the body of the mandible?

A

Facial vein

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25
Q

WHat vein does the facial vein join with to form the common facial vein

A
  • Facial vein joins with the anterior division of the retromandibular vein = common facial vein.
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26
Q

What vein does the common facial vein drain into?

A

Internal jugular vein

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27
Q

Which type of lesion causes ipsilateral facial paralsysis with forehead sparing

A

UMN lesion to the motor area of the face. (Fcaial nerve)

(LMN -> parslysis of forehead too)

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28
Q

Layers of the Scalp and why are these important?

A
  • S - Skin
  • C - connective tissue (dense)
  • A - Aponeurosis (epicranial Aponeurosis)
  • L - Loose aereolar connective tissue
  • P - Periosteum

Important:

  • Loose CT is a dangeorus area as it drians the emissary veins which conenct extracranial veins with intracranial dural venous sinuses. Therefore emissary veins are a potential pathway for spread of infection
  • Deep scalp lacertions tend to bleed profusely because blood vessels are adhered to dense CT, preventign vasoconstriction. There are also lots of anastomoses which bleed lots
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29
Q

What is intramembranous ossification

A

Direct depsoition of bon eon thin layers of connective tissue, characteristic of the bones on the top of the skull.

30
Q

Which parts of the neurocranium ossifiy in cartilage?

A

The bones of the cranila bases are formed initially in the cartilage and then later transformed by endochondral ossification into bone.

31
Q

What are the surface markings for the middle meningeal artery?

A

Pterion - region where the frontal, parietal, temporal, sphenoid bones join together on the side of the skull, just behind the temporal (anterior superior to ear)

32
Q

What is an extradural haemorrhage

A

Collection of blood in the potential space between the skull and the outer protectiv elinings that covers the brain (dura mater).

Usually caused by head injuries.

33
Q

What are the 5terminal branches of the facial nerve and what do they supply

A
  • Temporal branches - frontalis, orbicularis oculi, corrugator supercilli
  • Zygomatico branches - orbicularis occuli
  • Buccla branches - orbicularis oris, buccinagtor, zygomaticus
  • Marginal mandibular branches - mentalis, depressor labi inferiors, depressor angularis
  • Cevrical branches - platysma
34
Q

What pharyngeal arch is the facial nerve a derivate of?

A
  • 1st arch
35
Q

How would you test the integrity of the facial nerve

A
  • Assess symmetry of the face at rest
  • Raise eyebrows, close eyes tightly, blow out cheeks, smile
36
Q

What is bell’s palsy and the common causes

A
  • Unexplaines episode of facial muscle weakness or paralysis.
  • Results from damage to the facial nerve
37
Q

What are the branches of the external carotid artery

A
  • Superior thyroid artery
  • Ascending pharyngeal
  • Lingual
  • Facial
  • Ocicpital
  • Posterior auricular
  • Maxillary
  • Superficial temporal
38
Q

How can an infection on the tip of the nose result in a cavernous sinus thrombosis

A
  • The facial vein do not contain valves so flow is bidirectional. Veisn that connect the facial vein to the cavenrous sinus allow for infection/inflammaiton to spread to the cavernous sinus.
39
Q

What cranial bone are th epterygoid plates a part of?

A

Sphenoid

40
Q

What fossa would you ding the pterygoid venous plexus

A

Infratemporal fossa

41
Q

What muscles of mastication are associated with the pterygoid venous plexus

A

Medial and laterla pterygoid muscles

42
Q

Describe how blood reaches the internal jugular vein from the facial vein

A
  • Fcaila veins travels inferiorly
  • Anterior division of the retromandibular vein joints the facial vein to form the common facial vein.
  • Common facial vein drains into the IJV
43
Q

WHta veins joins to form the retromandibular vein

A
  • Maxillary and superficial temporal veins
44
Q

What veins do the retromandibular vein drain into

A

Common facial and external jugular

45
Q

WHta is the blood supply to the Nasal cavtiy

A
  • Internal carotid -> opthalmic artery -> anetioer/posterior ehtmoidal artery
  • External carotid ->
    • Maxillary -> sphenopalatnine/ greater palatine
    • Facial -> labial and nasal branches
  • Little’s area / kiesselbach’s plexus = anastomosis on the septal region of msot of the major arteries that supply the nose. Really common site for nose bleed (epistaxis)
46
Q

Name the paransala sinuses and locate them

A
47
Q

Where does the nasolacrimal duct drain

A

Inferior nasal meatus in the nasal cavity

48
Q

What nerves are associated with the nose

A
49
Q

FUncitons of the nasal cavity

A
  • Warms and humidifes the inspired air
  • Removes and traps pathogens and particulate matter from the inspired air
  • Responsible for sense of smell
  • Drains and clears the paranasal sinuses and lacrimal ducts.
50
Q

Sensory innervation of pharynx

A
  • glosospharyngeal snesory fibres
51
Q

Motor supply of pharyngeal constrictors

A

Vagus nerve except stylopharyngeus which is glosospharyngeu s

52
Q

WHat is the pharyngeal plexus

A

Network of nerve fibres innervatign most of the palate and pharynx. Located on the middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle.

53
Q

What is the gag reflex?

A

Pharyngeal reflex = reflex muscular contraction of the back of the throat, evoked by touching the roof of the mouth, the back of the tongue, area around tonsils, uvula and back of the throat.

  • Sensory receptor receives environmental stimulus – objects reaching nerves in back of the throat and sends a message via an afferent nerve to CNS. Sensory limb mediated by CNIX (glossopharyngeal) mostly
  • CNS receives message and sends appropriate response via efferent nerve (motor neuron) to effector cells in same initial area that can then carry out the response appropriate. Motor limb by CNX (vagus nerve)
  • Brisk and brief elevation of soft palate and bilateral contraction of pharyngeal muscles.
54
Q

Where is the opening of the auditory tube

A

1.25cm behind and slightly below psoterior end of inferior turbinate.

55
Q

Where are the palatien tonsils

A

Near the opening od the oral cavity into the pharynx.

56
Q

Function of the soft palate

A

continuous with hard palate which forms anteiror roof of the mouth. Plays an essential role in blocking food and other substances form entering the nasal passages durign swallowing and is important in the formation of certain sounds in speech production

57
Q

Funciton of the epiglottis

A

Movable ‘lid’ just above the larynx that prevents food and drink from entering your windpipe.

58
Q

Describe the temporo-mandibular joint

A

Hinge that connects your jaw to the tmeporla bones of your skull. It lets you move your jaw up and done, side to side so you can chew, talk and yawn.

59
Q

Types of teeth we have

A
60
Q

What are the main muscles of mastication?

A
  • Protrusion + Retraction of mandible = upper part of jaw allows this. Lateral pterygoid muscle for protrusion and posterior fibres of temporalis for retraction. Lateral movement by alternatively protruding and retracting mandible
  • Elevation and depression of mandible = lower part of joint allows. Depression mostly by gravity but if resistance then digastric, geniohyoid and mylohyoid assist. Elevation is strong movement caused by contraction of temporalis, masseter and medial pterygoid muscles.
61
Q

Muscles innervated by the mandibular nerve

A
  • Muscles mastication (masseter, pterygoids, temporalis)
  • mylohyoid
  • Anterior belly of digastric
  • Tensor tympani, tensory palati
62
Q

Mian branche sof trigeminal nerve and what do they supply

A
  • Opthalmic nerve -> frontal, lacrimal, nasociliary. SKin an dmucous memrbanes of forehead, scalp, frontal/ethmoidla sinus, upper eyelid, cornea, dorsu of nose. PS to lacrimal gland
  • Maxillary nerve -> lower eyelid, cheeks + maxillary sinus, nasal cavity + laterla nose, uppe rlip, uppe rmolar, incisor + canine teeth, superior palate. PS to lacrimal and nasal glands
  • Mnadibular ->bucca. infraalveolar nerve, auricotemporal nerve, lingual nerve. Snesory to mucous membranes, external ear, lower lip, chin, anteiror 2.3 tongue, lowe rmolars etc. Motoe to mastic=ation muscles, digastric, tensor veli palatini and tensory tympani. PS to submandibular + sublingual glands and parotid gland.
63
Q

Testign trigeminal nerve

A

Palpating masseter muscles while they clench teeth and open mouth against resistance. Also sensory so touchig skin on face.

64
Q

What muscle forms the floor of the mouth and nerve supply

A

Mylohyoid - mandibula rnerve CNV3

65
Q

Where is the palatoglossal arch

A
  • The palatoglossal arch contains the palatoglossus muscle.
66
Q

Motor, sensory and special snesory innervation of the tongue

A
  • Posterior 1/3glosospharyngeus
  • Sesnory - trigmenian (lingua) anterior 2/3
  • Special sensory - ant 1/2 chorda tympani
  • motor - Hypoglossal except palatoglossus which is pharyngeal branch of vagus
67
Q

Main pairs salivary glands and where they open into the mouth

A
  • Parotid gland - secretions transported by stensen duct to oral cavity nesr second upper molar
  • Sublingual gland - drain by minor siblingual ducs into sublingual folds.
  • Submandibular - via submandibular duct (Whartons duct) which emerges anteromedially from depe arm of gland and open orifices on small sublingual papillr at bae of lingual frenulum.
68
Q

Patient X has suffered a traumatic injury to the right side of their neck. They have a hoarse voice
with altered pitch, and this will not resolve with time. Which of the following nerves was most likely
damaged by this injury?

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

69
Q

List the function and nerve supply of thyrohyoid and sternothyroid.

A
  • Thyrohyoid: C1 via hypoglossal nerve, Depresses hyoid bone or elevates larynx
  • Sternothyroid: Anterior rami of C1 to C3 through ansa cervicalis, Depresses larynx
70
Q

The gag reflex tests for functioning of the glossopharyngeal nerve. Which other nerve can be
tested using this reflex?

A

Vagus nerve CNX

71
Q

Muscles of the larynx

A

Anatomy - y4 (8 decks)

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