H/E 19 Respiratory System 1

Question 1

What is the pathway of air through the body to the lungs?

Answer 1

Nasal/Oral Cavities
Pharynx
Larynx

Trachea & Main primary Bronchi
Lungs & Airway Tree

Lobar (secondary) & Segmental (tertiary) Bronchi
Conducting Bronchioles
Terminal Bronchioles

Respiratory Bronchioles
Alveolar Ducts
Alveolar Sacs

Question 2

Which structures make up the upper respiratory tract?

Answer 2

Nasal/Oral cavities
Pharynx
Larynx
Everything else is lower

Question 3

What structures are extra pulmonary?

Answer 3

Everything down to Trachea and Main Bronchi

Question 4

What structures are respiratory?

Answer 4

Only the last three:
Respiratory Branchioles
Alveolar Ducts
Alveolar Sacs

Question 5

What layers make up the walls of a generic airway tube?

Answer 5

Epithelium
Lamina Propria (with epithelium makes the mucosa)
Submucosa
Cartilage Layer
Adventitia

Question 6

What is BALT?

Answer 6

Bronchus Associated Lymphatic Tissue
Found in the Lamina Propria and Submucosa
Inflammatory response and host defense responses

Question 7

What four cells are in the CT and what are their functions?

Answer 7

Fibroblasts: secrete CT and ECM
Macrophages: Phagocytosis, inflammatory response
Mast cells: histamine, cytokines, leukotrienes, inflammatory response (centrally located nucleus)
Plasma cells: secrete antibodies (nucleus to one side)

Question 8

How is the submucosa identified?

Answer 8

It is loose connective tissue below the lamina propria. Has elastic fibers, larger blood and lymphatic vessels. Secreting glands and smooth muscle also present.

Question 9

How are the trachea and all bronchi similar in structure and function?

Answer 9

Trachea and all bronchi warm, humidify, and clean the air.
All have pseudostratified columnar epithelium (mucosa)
All have seromucous glands in the submucosa

Question 10

What are the features of the epithelium for the trachea and bronchi?

Answer 10

Secretes mucous and moves the mucous. This requires goblet cells and cilia.

Question 11

What do mucous and serous secreting exocrine glands look like?

Answer 11

Serous have round nuclei and darker secretory vesicles.

Mucous have flattened nuclei at the basal domain and clear cytoplasm.

Question 12

What happens to the trachea and bronchi during chronic bronchitis or COPD?

Answer 12

Cilia lose synchronization and decrease in number
Goblet and seromucous cells secrete more mucous and this builds up and causes coughing and obstructions to breathing. Coughing causes respiratory epithelium to become stratified squamous to deal with the stress.

Question 13

What causes cystic fibrosis?

Answer 13

Chloride ion channels in the epithelium cells stop working and chloride ions build up in the cell. This draws in Na+ ions and water from the mucous into the cell. Mucous dries out and sticks. Causes chronic infections.

Question 14

What three cells make up the respiratory epithelium which is found only down to the tertiary bronchi?

Answer 14

Basal Cells: stem cells that give rise to all other epithelial cells except kulchitsky
Brush Cells: receptor cells, sensation from mucosa
Kulchitsky Cells: neuroendocrine cells located adjacent to the basement membrane

Question 15

What part of the respiratory tract has cilia, but no goblet cells and no glands in the submucosa and simple cuboidal epithelium?

Answer 15

conducting and terminal branchioles

Question 16

What cells act as stem cells in the bronchioles? Describe them.

Answer 16

Clara cells
Dome shaped
Increase in # as descend bronchiolar tree
Secrete: surfactant, lysozymes, anti-inflammatory and anti oxidative proteins
Act as stem cells for epithelium except for K cells

Question 17

Where in the respiratory tract are basal and clara cells found?

Answer 17

Basal cells: bronchi

Clara cells: bronchioles

Question 18

Where is the smooth muscle found in the trachea and primary bronchi?

Answer 18

Not in the submucosa, in the cartilage layer.

Question 19

Where is smooth muscle in the secondary and tertiary bronchi?

Answer 19

In the submucosa.

Question 20

What happens during bronchial asthma?

Answer 20

Starts as a hypersensitivity reaction.

1. Mucous secretion
2. Inflammation of basement membrane
3. Enlarged mucous glands
4. Smooth muscle hyperplasia

Question 21

Where is there cartilage in the respiratory tract to maintain patency?

Answer 21

Trachea and primary bronchi have c-shaped rings.

Secondary and tertiary have discontinuous plates of cartilage.

Question 22

What maintains patency in the bronchioles?

Answer 22

Elastic fibers and surfactant

Question 23

Summarize which structures have glands and which have smooth muscle.

Answer 23

Trachea/Primary Bronchi: Glands, no Smooth m.
2/3 Bronchi: Glands, Smooth m.
Bronchioles: No Glands, Smooth m.

Question 24

Steps to identify air tubes in histological slides.

Answer 24

See whole thing?
Alveoli in frame?
Epithelium?
Submucosa?
Glands?
Cartilage?

Question 25

What type of tube is being seen if there is cartilage but alveoli are or are not seen?

Answer 25

Cartilage means bronchi. There are only two types of bronchi: extra and intra pulmonary. If alveoli are present, it is intrapulmonary. If no alveoli, extrapulmonary.

Question 26

What is adenocarcinoma?

Answer 26

Cancer of epithelial cells.

Question 27

Where do kulchitsky cells originate from? What disease results from issues with these cells?

Answer 27

Come from neural crest cells

Issues cause small cell carcinomas

Question 28

What should the Lecithin-Sphingomyelin ratio be before and after 34 weeks and what does this tell us?

Answer 28

About equal before, around 2:1 after

A higher value indicates presence of surfactant which is an indicator of lung maturity.

Question 29

What other complications can be present with complications relating to the separation of the the trachea from the esophagus?

Answer 29

VACTERL
Vertebral defects
Anal atresia
Cardiac defects
TEF (tracheoesophageal fistula)
Esophageal atresia
Renal defects
Limb defects