h Flashcards
photolithoautotroph
How does the organism get energy?
How does the organism get electrons?
How does the organism get carbon?
light
inroganic
co2
photoorganohetrotroph
How does the organism get energy?
How does the organism get electrons?
How does the organism get carbon?
light
organic
carbon
chemolithoautotroph
How does the organism get energy?
How does the organism get electrons?
How does the organism get carbon?
chemical
inorganic
co2
chemolithohetrotroph
How does the organism get energy?
How does the organism get electrons?
How does the organism get carbon?
chemical
inorganic
carbon
chemoorganohetrotroph
How does the organism get energy?
How does the organism get electrons?
How does the organism get carbon?
chemical
organic compund
carbon
Embden-Meyerhof Pathway (3)
- produces?
- type o2 concentration?
- type of pathway?
- canonical glycotic pathway (breaks down glucose into pyruvate)
- functions in presense or abscence of oxygen
- produces pyruvate, ATP and NADH
Entner-Doudoroff Pathway (5)
- used by?
- does what with enzymes?
- output of energy?
- makes?
- precursor to?
- used by some Gram-negative
- upregulate alternate enzymes
- less energy output
- generates pyruvate and glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate
- precursor to build things
easier
Pentose Phosphate Pathway
- same as?
- gives of?
- used to make?
- can operate at same time as other pathways
- siphon off glucose-6-phosphate
- used to produce ribose-5-phosphate sugar
-DNA/RNA
what to do with pyruvate?
- aerobic:
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
Cleaves pyruvate to form Acetyl-CoA - Krebs cycle
Produces lots of energy from Acetyl-CoA - Anaerobic:
Fermentation
Generates lactic acid or ethanol and some ATP
what is proton Motive Force (PMF)
- makes?
- imbalance does?
- used in?
- Derived from unequal H+ concentrations which are then passively diffused via a motor-like enzyme to produce energy
- imbalance creates ETC and motor is ATP synthase
- secondary transport and flagellar motion
what is fermination important for doing?
reoxidizing NADH
back to NAD+
difference and similarity between phototrophy and photosyntheis?
Trophy - can be heterotrophic
- photosynth: co2 converts into usable organic material
= simlar - light converts into energy
oxygenic photosynthesis ->
Anoxygenic photosynthesis ->
oxygen released, chloroplast
no water -> no oxygen
Bacteriorhodopsins
- example of?
- uses?
- found in?
an example of phototrophy independent of ETCs
● Utilizes PMF
● Typically found in
phototrophic archaea
Gluconeogenesis
- makes?
- important for?
- the production of glucose-6-phosphate from non-carbohydrate precursors.
● Important for amino acid metabolism
what is the general process of asexually reproduction ?
- binary fission
- it is an exponential increase in the population and division of parent cell into equally sized daughter cells and the parent does not break away
- multiple: parent cell breaks away, releasing many individuals at once
what is the bacterial growth curve? (describe each phase)
- lag phase = no increase in bacterial cell count and the cell preps for division
- exponential phase - cell grow as quickly as they can for conditions available
- stationary phase - pleautu, in closed system, growth eventually stops (nutrient limitation) and rate of cell division = rate of cell death
- death phase - exponential decrease in number of living cells
- long term stationary phase - evolution of bacterial population and natural selection with single batch culture
what are the four direct viable count/
- standard plate counts - dilutions and CFU
- counting chambers - special slide and cover slips with grides to faciltate counting
membrane filter technique - microbes in liquid are filtered, grown on a plate and then stained - flow cytometry- streams cells so narrow that one cell can pass at a time
hwo can cell mass be measured? 3
- dry weight - time consuming and not very sensitive and cells from liquid are centrifuged and weighed
- concnetration of a particular cell cosititent - concnetration of portein or nitrogen proptinal to number of cells , cehmical measurements, mass specific
- spectrophotmentry - amount of light scattering is directly proptional to cell biomass
formula for population dobling?
growth rate constant ?
generation time ?
if population doubles, then N t = 2N
k=n/g
- growth rte constant = number of generations at time t / generation time
- g=1/k
1/growth rate constant
biofilm
- Aggregation of microorganisms that stick to a surface and replicate in areas with favorable environmental conditions.
- maybe a mixof differnet cell species
- communicate and perfomr activites
- shares DNA within same species
what are three physical techniques?
filtration
sterilization
pasturalization
physical techniques
- radiation (UV radiation and ionization radiation)
chemical teniques
Phenolics: lab and hospital disinfectants (ex. Lysol)
Alcohols: Disinfectants, antiseptics, and sanitizers
- Denatures proteins and dissolve membrane lipids
Halogens: Oxidizing agents
- Ex. I2 and Cl2 oxidize cellular materials
Heavy Metals: Mercury, Silver, Zinc. Inactivate proteins.
- Arsenic Used by Ehrlich
- Antibiotics
sulfa drug who ?
streptocmuysin who?
Penicillin discovered by Fleming
- Sulfa Drugs: Prontosil Red discovered by Dogmagk
- Streptomycin discovered by Waksman
history of antibiotics
- who first discovered penicilin?
- spyhilis
duchesne
ehrilich
how do we guage the antimicrobial activity of a compund?
- dilution suscuetibility test s
- kirby bauer method
- etest
