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microbio > h > Flashcards

h Flashcards

1
Q

photolithoautotroph

How does the organism get energy?
How does the organism get electrons?
How does the organism get carbon?

A

light
inroganic
co2

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2
Q

photoorganohetrotroph

How does the organism get energy?
How does the organism get electrons?
How does the organism get carbon?

A

light
organic
carbon

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3
Q

chemolithoautotroph

How does the organism get energy?
How does the organism get electrons?
How does the organism get carbon?

A

chemical
inorganic
co2

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4
Q

chemolithohetrotroph

How does the organism get energy?
How does the organism get electrons?
How does the organism get carbon?

A

chemical
inorganic
carbon

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5
Q

chemoorganohetrotroph

How does the organism get energy?
How does the organism get electrons?
How does the organism get carbon?

A

chemical
organic compund
carbon

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6
Q

Embden-Meyerhof Pathway (3)
- produces?
- type o2 concentration?
- type of pathway?

A
  • canonical glycotic pathway (breaks down glucose into pyruvate)
  • functions in presense or abscence of oxygen
  • produces pyruvate, ATP and NADH
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7
Q

Entner-Doudoroff Pathway (5)
- used by?
- does what with enzymes?
- output of energy?
- makes?
- precursor to?

A
  • used by some Gram-negative
  • upregulate alternate enzymes
  • less energy output
  • generates pyruvate and glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate
  • precursor to build things
    easier
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8
Q

Pentose Phosphate Pathway
- same as?
- gives of?
- used to make?

A
  • can operate at same time as other pathways
  • siphon off glucose-6-phosphate
  • used to produce ribose-5-phosphate sugar
    -DNA/RNA
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9
Q

what to do with pyruvate?

A
  • aerobic:
    Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
    Cleaves pyruvate to form Acetyl-CoA
  • Krebs cycle
    Produces lots of energy from Acetyl-CoA
  • Anaerobic:
    Fermentation
    Generates lactic acid or ethanol and some ATP
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10
Q

what is proton Motive Force (PMF)
- makes?
- imbalance does?
- used in?

A
  • Derived from unequal H+ concentrations which are then passively diffused via a motor-like enzyme to produce energy
  • imbalance creates ETC and motor is ATP synthase
  • secondary transport and flagellar motion
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11
Q

what is fermination important for doing?

A

reoxidizing NADH
back to NAD+

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12
Q

difference and similarity between phototrophy and photosyntheis?

A

Trophy - can be heterotrophic
- photosynth: co2 converts into usable organic material

= simlar - light converts into energy

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13
Q

oxygenic photosynthesis ->
Anoxygenic photosynthesis ->

A

oxygen released, chloroplast
no water -> no oxygen

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14
Q

Bacteriorhodopsins
- example of?
- uses?
- found in?

A

an example of phototrophy independent of ETCs
● Utilizes PMF
● Typically found in
phototrophic archaea

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15
Q

Gluconeogenesis
- makes?
- important for?

A
  • the production of glucose-6-phosphate from non-carbohydrate precursors.
    ● Important for amino acid metabolism
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16
Q

what is the general process of asexually reproduction ?

A
  • binary fission
  • it is an exponential increase in the population and division of parent cell into equally sized daughter cells and the parent does not break away
  • multiple: parent cell breaks away, releasing many individuals at once
17
Q

what is the bacterial growth curve? (describe each phase)

A
  1. lag phase = no increase in bacterial cell count and the cell preps for division
  2. exponential phase - cell grow as quickly as they can for conditions available
  3. stationary phase - pleautu, in closed system, growth eventually stops (nutrient limitation) and rate of cell division = rate of cell death
  4. death phase - exponential decrease in number of living cells
  5. long term stationary phase - evolution of bacterial population and natural selection with single batch culture
18
Q

what are the four direct viable count/

A
  • standard plate counts - dilutions and CFU
  • counting chambers - special slide and cover slips with grides to faciltate counting
    membrane filter technique - microbes in liquid are filtered, grown on a plate and then stained
  • flow cytometry- streams cells so narrow that one cell can pass at a time
19
Q

hwo can cell mass be measured? 3

A
  • dry weight - time consuming and not very sensitive and cells from liquid are centrifuged and weighed
  • concnetration of a particular cell cosititent - concnetration of portein or nitrogen proptinal to number of cells , cehmical measurements, mass specific
  • spectrophotmentry - amount of light scattering is directly proptional to cell biomass
20
Q

formula for population dobling?
growth rate constant ?
generation time ?

A

if population doubles, then N t = 2N
k=n/g
- growth rte constant = number of generations at time t / generation time
- g=1/k
1/growth rate constant

21
Q

biofilm

A
  • Aggregation of microorganisms that stick to a surface and replicate in areas with favorable environmental conditions.
  • maybe a mixof differnet cell species
  • communicate and perfomr activites
  • shares DNA within same species
22
Q

what are three physical techniques?

A

filtration
sterilization
pasturalization

23
Q

physical techniques

A
  • radiation (UV radiation and ionization radiation)
24
Q

chemical teniques

A

Phenolics: lab and hospital disinfectants (ex. Lysol)
Alcohols: Disinfectants, antiseptics, and sanitizers
- Denatures proteins and dissolve membrane lipids
Halogens: Oxidizing agents
- Ex. I2 and Cl2 oxidize cellular materials
Heavy Metals: Mercury, Silver, Zinc. Inactivate proteins.
- Arsenic Used by Ehrlich

25
Q
  • Antibiotics
    sulfa drug who ?
    streptocmuysin who?
A

Penicillin discovered by Fleming
- Sulfa Drugs: Prontosil Red discovered by Dogmagk
- Streptomycin discovered by Waksman

26
Q

history of antibiotics
- who first discovered penicilin?
- spyhilis

A

duchesne
ehrilich

27
Q

how do we guage the antimicrobial activity of a compund?

A
  • dilution suscuetibility test s
  • kirby bauer method
  • etest

microbio (5 decks)

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