gynecology Flashcards
sacrum in male is flat with narrow iliac
true or false?
true
sacrum in female is concave and wider iliac
true or false?
true
what are the bones of the pelvis?
ilium
ischium
pubis
which gland is responsible for hormonal changes and birth in women
ovary gland
which parts of the pelvis is connected posteriorly to the sacroiliac joint?
ilium
which bone of the pelvis is placed anteriorly and inferiorly ?
pubis-ischium
false pelvis is inferior to true pelvis
true or false?
false, superior to true pelvis
the pelvis bones are thicker in females
true or false?
false, thinner and lighter
outlet in females is large
true or false?
true
pubic arch is more rounded in females
true or false?
true
sacrum in females is shorter and more curved
true or false?
false, less curved
pubic symphysis is a cartilage
true or false?
true
how the pubic symphysis can be dilated?
by relaxin hormone
what is the pain during menstruation is called?
dysmenorrhea
how many orifices in female?
urinary and vagina from Infront and rectum from back
which ligament is the major support for the pelvis?
cardinal ligament
how can we treat with small pubic arch angle in delivery?
by vacumming
what is the urogenital triangle?
perineal membrane covering the deep transverse perineal muscle
what are pelvic diaghragm muscles?
levator ani and coccygeus
for pelvic is innervated by which level of spinal cord?
s2-s4
estrogen and progesterone are secreted from the anterior pituitary gland
true or false?
false, from ovary
FSH stimulates the growth of the follicle
true or false?
true
when LH is seen ?
peek of ovulation
which hormone makes the cycle regular?
progestrone
polycystic disease is because of what?
lack of progestrone
the increase of estrogen will inhibit what?
FSH hormone for feedback
from which estradiol and progesterone are secreted?
from the empty follicle which becomes corpus luteum
nonfertility cycle becomes what?
corpus albicans
when the GNRH hormone is activated
by high level of estrogen
gonad stat inhibits late menstruation
true or false?
false, early
the ovaries in children are polycystic
true or false?
true until 11-12 years old
what is called when a girl at 20 years old has early stage of sexual maturation?
adrenarch
what does puberty contain?
thelarche
adrenarche
menarche
growth
what is the first sign of puberty?
growth acceleration
with high level of estrogen in young age will increase the growth
and with low level of estrogen will inhibit the growth
true or false?
false, increase of estrogen inhibits growth
decrease of estrogen promotes growth
when the menarche occurs?
after the peak growth velocity
what causes adrenarche?
adrenal androgen hormones ACTH
LH is not working properly until age what?
16
list the stages of mature follicle
1st= ovum begins to develop
2nd= egg continues to ripen
3rd= ovulation fully mature egg bursts out of follicle
4rth0=egg enters fallopian tube 7 days
1-14 estrogen rises gradually
14-28 progesterone rises sharply
true or false?
true
mature endometrium is how much ?
7-14 mm in thickness
pre ovulation from which day t day?
5-13
no menstruation means what?
amenorrhea
no menstruation each month means what?
oligomenorrhea
more than a menstruation each month means what?
Polymenorrhea
what does PALM mean?
structural causes of the uterus
what does COIEN mean?
non structural causes of the uterus
what is called when the inner lining of the endometrium becomes into muscle wall ?
adenomyosis
what are the methods of contraception?
traditional
hormonal
barrier
IUD
what is the traditional contraception?
coitus interrupts
postcoital douche
lactational amenorrhea
periodic abstinence
what is the barrier contraception?
male/female condoms
vaginal diaphragm
cervical cap
spermic Dalis (cream)
all the hormonal contraception have estrogen
true or false?
false, progesterone
examples of hormonal contraception
oral progesterone
minipill
postcoital
injections, implantation, or transdermal routes
what is mechanism of contraception for ovarian
do not ovulate
what is mechanism of contraception for endometrium?
giving progesterone from the beginning the endometrium won’t be thick enough
making the cervix dry will help in contraception
true or false?
true
mechanism of contraception works against estrogen
true or false?
true
how the mucus of cervical gets thicker?
by the progestrone effect
list the mechanisms of IUD
1 foreign body reaction
2 leukocytes aggregate around IUD
3 hostile environments
4 spermicidal actions
5 progesterone interferes with implantation
smoking over 35
severe headache
high blood pressure
seizures/ TB
which contraception can and can’t be used?
can injections or minipill
can’t use the pills
stroke or diabetes conditions what contraception methods should be used?
she can’t use the pill or injections
she can use the minipill
blood clots in legs or lungs
breast cancer
liver diseases
what contraception methods should be used?
just condoms
what does perimenopause starts with?
irregular mensural cycle
when the anovulation aperies and what does it mean?
aperies in perimenopause
it means when the ovaries do not release an oocyte
FSH decreases in perimenopause
true or false?
false, increases
estradiol increases then decreases over time in perimenopause
true or false?
true
the perimenopause starts before 10 years of the actual menopause
true or false?
false, before 5 years
hot flushes and night swelling
sleep disorder
mood changes
decrease of basal metabolism
and increase of BMI
are problems for what?
perimenopause
changes in estrogen levels start in early postmenopausal
true or false?
true
what is PAP smear test and when it is detected?
it is the cervical screening used to detect any precancerous and cancerous process
what is the HRT
hormonal replacement therapy
a woman who currently is not pregnant nor
has ever been pregnant.
Nulligravida
a woman who currently is pregnant or has been
in the past, irrespective of the pregnancy outcome. With the
establishment of the first pregnancy
Gravida
a woman who has never completed a pregnancy
beyond 20 weeks’ gestation. She may not have been pregnantor may have had a spontaneous or elective abortion(s)
or an ectopic pregnancy
Nullipara
first pregnancy
primigravida
successive pregnancies
multigravida.
giving delivery of a fetus either death or alive after 20 wks
Partus-giving delivery of a fetus either death or alive after 20 wks
ending of pregnancy before 20 wks or 500gm
Abortion-
what are the signs of early pregnancy ?
amenorrhea
morning sickness
urinary symptoms
mastodynia
which hormone is an indicator for early pregnancy?
HCG
when is the enlargement of uterus seen during pregnancy?
12 week
what is the diagnosis for mid and late pregnancy?
fetal movement during 18th-20th weeks
when the ultrasonography is important to do ?
during 12-14 and 21-22 weeks1
what don’t we see in down syndrome babies?
nasal bone
blood pressure decreases 5-7mm in second trimester then returns to normal in third trimester
true or false?
true
what is 12-14 test NT ?
nuchal translucency should be less than 2mm in first trimater
what is Parturition
Coordinated uterine activity
Maturation of the fetus
Maternal lactation
Progressive cervical dilation
with early delivery we can give what?
progesterone
what is the duration of regular contractions?
30-60 seconds every 5 min
dosage of oxytocin is important for what during labor?
to not make too musch contractions
what is the normal attitude of the fetus?
flexed
what is the best presentation for the fetus?
vertex flexed
meaning of attitude?
relationship between fetal head and the spine
meaning of lie?
relationship between longitudinal axis of fetus and mother
longitudinal presentation results in what?
cephalic/breech
transverse presentation results in what?
shoulder presentation
what are the variations of breech presentation?
complete (easiest)
incomplete
frank
list the cardinal movements of the labor
descents
flexion
IR
Extension
ER
expulsion
when preterm labor happens
before 37 weeks
what is the preterm ROM
spontaneous rupture of the fetal membrane before 37 weeks
what is chorioamnionitis ?
intra amniotic infection
infection of the fetal membrane
what are the 3 p
pelvic
passenger
power, for vaginal delivery
when the c-section is applied
with cephalopelvic disproportion
which fetuses in particular have face presentation?
anencephaly
fetal skull just
above the orbital ridge presents related to which presentation?
brow
fetal skull just
above the orbital ridge presents related to which presentation?
brow
fetal heart rate is below 100 to 110 bpm for longer than
2 minutes
it is called?
prolonged deceleration
fetal heart rate is below 100 to 110 bpm for longer than 10 min it is called?
bradycardia
-Bleeding In Early Pregnancy before?
20 weeks
bleeding in early pregnancy causes
Abortion.
Vesicular mole.
Ectopic pregnancy.
Local lesions — cervical polyps — cervical cancer
termination of pregnancy before 24 weeks or weighing below 500 grams is?
abortion
abortions in the first 12
weeks of pregnancy result from?
chromosomal anomalies
Spontaneous abortion occurs in 10-15% of pregnancy, 80% of them occur in?
first trimaster
bleeding from
the genital tract between 28th week of pregnancy and
onset of labor is?
Antepartum hemorrhage
Salpingectomy?
surgical removal of the fallopian tubes
Ectopic Pregnancy?
pregnancy occurring outside the normal uterine cavity
bleeding in late pregnancy is?
Antepartum hemorrhage
Placenta previa
Abruptio placenta Extraplacental bleeding cervical polyp
placenta is partly or totally implanted over the lower
uterine segment is what?
placenta previa
what are c-section indicators?
The patient has lost a large amount of blood.
Placenta of third and fourth degrees.
Old primigravida (pregnant for the first time) or multipara.
Posterior placenta previa.
bleeding during the last three months of pregnancy,
the first or second stage of labor, due to premature
separation of a normally situated placenta is?
Abruptio Placenta
