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OB/Gynecology > Gynecology > Flashcards

Gynecology Flashcards

1
Q

4 parts of fallopian tube?

A

interstitial, intramural, ampulla, infundibulum with fimbriae

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2
Q

Where do the ovaries lie?

A

Fossa of Waldeyer within peritoneal cavity

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3
Q

Where do the ovarian veins drain?

A

Left drains into left renal vein

Right drains into IVC

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4
Q

Which days are proliferative phase?

A

Days 6-13

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5
Q

Which days are secretory phase?

A

Days 14-28

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6
Q

Amenorrhea?

A

No menses at all

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7
Q

Role of Estrogen?

A

Female body characteristics, bone health, inhibits new follicle growth

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8
Q

Role of Progesterone?

A

Thickens endometrium, thickens cervical mucus, etc - increased in secretory phase

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9
Q

Endometrial hyperplasia in post-menopause patient?

A

> 5mm

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10
Q

PMB causes?

A

Endometrial atrophy, submucosal fibroids, endometrial lesions - ca, polyps, hyperplasia, vaginal dryness

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11
Q

What is hematometrocolpos?

A

Blood within uterus + vagina, unable to empty.

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12
Q

What can cause hematometrocolpos?

A

Imperforate hymen, stenosis, atresia, vaginal septum

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13
Q

What is a Gartner Duct Cyst?

A

cyst in vaginal wall

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14
Q

What causes a Gartner Duct Cyst?

A

remnant of mesonephric duct aka Wolffian

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15
Q

What is PID?

A

Infection of upper genital tract - in sexually active. Pelvic pain with high WBC. Caused by infections such as Chlamydia

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16
Q

What is Rhabdomyosarcoma?

A

Most common malignant vaginal or uterine tumor in children. “cluster of grapes” appearance - polypoid like mass.

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17
Q

Most common ovarian neoplasm?

A

Germ cell tumor

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18
Q

Sonographic findings of ovarian torsion?

A

“whirlpool sign”, unilateral enlarged ovary, no colour flow seen within affected ovary

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19
Q

Symptoms associated with ovarian torsion?

A

pelvic pain, high WBC, fever nausea, vomiting, abdominal swelling, palpable mass, pain radiating from flank to groin

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20
Q

Define precocious puberty.

A

sexual maturation before age 8 in girls

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21
Q

Primary cause of pseudo precocious puberty.

A

Granulosa Theca cell tumors

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22
Q

Sonographic findings of pseudo precocious puberty.

A

Unilateral ovarian enlargement with macrocysts.

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23
Q

Which ducts develop into female organs?

A

Paramesonephric ducts aka Mullerian

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24
Q

When do uterine congenital anomalies occur?

A
  1. arrested development
  2. failure of fusion
  3. failure of resorption
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25
Q

Results of arrested development?

A

agenesis of uterus, uterus unicornuate - assoc. with horseshoe kidney

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26
Q

Results of failure of fusion?

A
  1. complete uterus didelphys

2. partial uterus didelphys - bicollis or unicollis

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27
Q

Results of failure of resorption?

A
  1. septate uterus
  2. subseptate uterus (partial)
  3. arcuate uterus
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28
Q

Large functional cyst, multilocular, bilateral, high levels of bHCG, associated w/ GTD, OHSS

A

Theca lutein cysts

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29
Q

Tiny, peripheral echogenic spots on ovaries which can mimic calcifications, found in post-menopause.

A

Surface epithelial inclusion cysts

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30
Q

Numerous small follicles surrounding periphery of ovary, aka Stein-Levathal syndrome. Bilaterally enlarged ovaries.

A

PCOS

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31
Q

Symptoms of PCOS.

A

Hirsutism (male characteristics), infertility, oligo/amenorrhea, obesity, anovulation

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32
Q

Complication of fertility treatment where numerous thin-walled cysts replace ovarian tissue.

A

OHSS aka ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome

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33
Q

Most common ovarian tumors.

A

Epithelial

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34
Q

Ovarian tumor with thin septations/unilocular. 2nd most common benign tumor.

A

serous cystadenoma

35
Q

Most common malignant ovarian tumor. Multilocular with thick septations.

A

Serous cystadenocarcinoma

36
Q

Large benign cystic ovarian mass (up to 30 cm). Multilocular with thin septations.

A

Mucinous cystadenoma

37
Q

Complex ovarian mass which can lead to “jelly belly” aka pseudomyxoma peritonei which can appear as ascites. Carcinogenic sticky jelly can metastasize.

A

Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma

38
Q

Malignant cystic ovarian mass with papillary projections. 50-60 yrs old. Increased risk of endometrial ca or endometriosis.

A

Endometroid

39
Q

Variant of endometroid ca. Complex cystic ovarian mass. 50-70 yrs old.

A

Clear cell carcinoma

40
Q

Rare, usually benign solid ovarian tumor with possible peripheral calcifications. Usually unilateral. Aka Brenner Tumor.

A

TCC

41
Q

Most common benign ovarian tumor.

A

Cystic teratoma aka dermoid (germ cell tumor)

42
Q

Mostly cystic with echogenic nodule in ovary. Adolescent benign tumor.

A

Dermoid/Rokitansky nodule/Cystic teratoma/Mature teratoma

43
Q

Small malignant unilateral solid ovarian mass. Elevated AFP and found in adolescence.

A

Immature teratoma

44
Q

Solid malignant hyperechoic ovarian mass found in adolescence. Will cause amenorrhea and AFP will not be elevated.

A

Dysgerminoma

45
Q

Rare, malignant palpable ovarian mass found in adolescence. Elevated AFP.

A

Endodermal sinus tumor aka yolk sac

46
Q

Solid, malignant, echogenic ovarian mass composed of thyroid tissue. Elevates TSH. Central colour flow visualized.

A

Struma ovarii

47
Q

Benign, unilateral ovarian tumor with ascites & pleural effusion. Aka Meigs Syndrome.

A

Fibroma

48
Q

Benign estrogen producing ovarian mass. Post-menopausal women.

A

Thecoma

49
Q

Which 3 ovarian tumors must be distinguished by a pathologist?

A

Fibroma, thecoma, granulosa cell tumor

50
Q

Low malignant potential, estrogen producing ovarian tumor. Potential precocious puberty.

A

Granulosa cell tumor

50
Q

Low malignant potential, estrogen producing ovarian tumor. Potential precocious puberty.

A

Granulosa cell tumor

50
Q

Low malignant potential, estrogen producing ovarian tumor. Potential precocious puberty.

A

Granulosa cell tumor

51
Q

Unilateral solid hyperechoic ovarian mass. 30% are masculinizing due male hormone secretions. Usually benign, but malignant potentional. Women under 30.

A

Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor/androblastoma/arrhenoblastoma

52
Q

Specific ovarian mets, originating from the GI tract. Often bilateral.

A

Krukenberg tumor

53
Q

Thickened endometrium due to unopposed estrogen

A

endometrial hyperplasia

54
Q

Mass that grows from endometrial lining and projects into lumen.

A

endometrial polyp

55
Q

Causes of endometrial polyps.

A
  1. tamoxifen
  2. diabetes
  3. HTN
  4. obesity
  5. 40-50 yrs old
56
Q

Main causes of hematometrocolpos.

A

imperforate hymen, cervical stenosis

57
Q

Bridging of tissue over endometrial cavity. Aka Asherman syndrome.

A

uterine synechiae

58
Q

What increases the risk of uterine synechiae?

A

D & C, biopsy, PID

59
Q

Diffuse endometrial tissue within myometrium. Will cause dysmenorrhea & menorrhagia.

A

adenomyosis

60
Q

Sonographic findings with adenomyosis.

A

Myometrial cysts, streaky shadowing “venetian blind”, heterogenous echotexture

61
Q

Benign, estrogen dependent uterine tumor of smooth muscle and connective tissue.

A

Leiomyoma aka fibroid

62
Q

Necrotic or degenerated tissue due to scars, leiomyomas, etc.

A

dystrophic calcifications

63
Q

Diffuse inflammation of the upper genital female tract due to infection. Caused by STI, incomplete abortion, surgery, etc.

A

PID

64
Q

Sonographic findings of PID.

A

Fluid in endometrium, irregular endometrial borders, thickened fallopian tube walls.

65
Q

Inflammation of endometrium. Usually post-partum. Thickened, heterogenous endometrium with fluid in cavity or cul-de-sac.

A

Endometritis

66
Q

Inflammation of fallopian tubes. “cogwheel sign” or “beads on a string”.

A

Salpingitis

67
Q

Infection of the ovary and fallopian tube with a pocket of pus. Can lead to sepsis. Late complication of PID.

A

Tubo-ovarian abscess

68
Q

Adhesions between liver and abdominal wall.

A

Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome

69
Q

Paraovarian cysts are also known as- and rise from where?

A

Cysts of Morgagni, arise from fallopian tube

70
Q

Endometrial cells adhere to tissues outside of endometrial cavity. Can lead to scar tissue and adhesion formation, cyclic pain and infertility.

A

endometriosis

71
Q

Mass filled with old blood.

A

Chocolate cyst aka endometrioma

72
Q

Collection of inflammatory material and pus.

A

Abscess

73
Q

Complex collection of blood. No WBC.

A

Hematoma

74
Q

Sausage shaped mass with papillary projections in post-menopausal women.

A

Fallopian tube ca

75
Q

Most common gynaecological malignancy.

A

Endometrial ca

76
Q

Thickened endometrium with increased vascularity and ill-defined borders. Usually found in post-menopausal women with bleeding.

A

Endometrial ca

77
Q

Complex and rapid growing malignancy of the myometrium.

A

Leiomyosarcoma

78
Q

Risk factors for leiomyosarcoma.

A

Women over 60 yrs old, obesity, pelvic radiation, tamoxifen

79
Q

Most common primary malignant vaginal or uterine tumor in children. “cluster of grapes” polypoid-like mass

A

Rhabdomyosarcoma

80
Q

Malignant tumor of the vagina.

A

Endodermal sinus tumor

81
Q

Metrorrhagia

A

Abnormal uterine bleeding

OB/Gynecology (2 decks)

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