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Special Populations > Gyne > Flashcards

Gyne Flashcards

1
Q

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

A

Secreted by hypothalamus and controls the ovarian and menstrual cycle; stimulates the release of LH and FSH from anterior pituitary gland

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2
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

Responsible for development of ovarian follicles

Works with LH to stimulate estrogen secretion from ovarian follicles

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3
Q

Estrogen

A

Promotes development/maintenance of female reproductive organs
Building of strong bones
Lowers blood cholesterol levels
Causes basal body temp 0.3 degrees lower than luteal phase
Works with progesterone to prepare and maintain endometrium lining

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4
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

Works with FSH to stimulate secretion of estrogen from ovarian follicles
Surges on ovulation day to rupture follicle
Develops corpus luteum, which produces progesterone
Stimulates production of testosterone

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5
Q

Progesterone

A

Secreted by corpus luteum
Works with estrogen to prepare and maintain endometrium lining and mammary glands for milk production
High levels during luteal phase
Dilates blood vessels during pregnancy to support large increase of circulating blood
Decreases airway resistance

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6
Q

Relaxin

A

Produced by placenta when pregnant, corpus luteum when not
Inhibits contraction of uterine smooth muscle (allows for implantation)
Increases during labour resulting in flexibility of pubs symphasis and dilates uterine cervix
Generalized relaxing of ligamentous system

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7
Q

Testosterone

A

Maintenance of accessory glands and male productive organs
Bone and muscle growth
Maintaining libido
Facial hair, increased muscle mass and body size

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8
Q

Ovarian cycle

A

Series of events in ovaries during and after maturation of an egg

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9
Q

Follicular phase (ovarian cycle)

A

Egg follicle on an ovary gets ready to release an egg and new endometrium layer starts growing

Days 1-13; first day of menstruation to ovulation
High estrogen decreases basal body temperature 0.3 degree

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10
Q

Luteal phase (ovarian cycle)

A

Starts on ovulation day when the egg is released

Day 14-28; ovulation to menstruation

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11
Q

Menstrual cycle

A

Decline in progesterone and estrogen stimulates the release of prostaglandins, causing uterine spiral arterioles to constrict, depriving the area of oxygen

Shedding and fluid loss of 25-65 ml
Day 1-5; in sync with follicular phase

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12
Q

Proliferative phase (menstrual cycle)

A

Dominant follicle emerges and estrogen causes endometrium to thicken with blood
Surge of LH at 14 days stimulates ovulation to take place
Increased estrogen and FSH cause ovary to reach maturity and rupture, discharging the egg into the abdominal cavity

Day 6-13; in sync with follicular phase

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13
Q

Secretory phase (menstrual cycle)

A

LH causes rupture follicle to develop into corpus luteum, producing progesterone during second half of the cycle
If fertilized, corpus luteum continues to produce progesterone until placenta takes over
If not fertilized, corpus luteum will atrophy in 3 days prior to the start of the menstrual phase

Days 15-28

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14
Q

Perineum

A

Muscular tissue separating vagina and anus

Supports internal pelvic organs
Stretches and may tear during delivery (episiotomy as prevention)

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15
Q

Menorrhagia

A

Excessive menstrual bleeding

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16
Q

Amenorrhea

A

Absence of menses

17
Q

Mittelschmerz

A

Abdominal pain and cramping during ovulation

18
Q

Menarche

A

Onset of first menses

19
Q

Layers of Fallopian tube

A

Internal mucosa (inner layer) - contains secretory cells and ciliated columnar cells to move ovum along and provide nutrition to ovum

Muscularis (middle layer) - smooth muscle that contracts to move ovum through the tube to the uterus

Serosa (outer layer) - consists of a serous membrane that protects the tubes

20
Q

Layers of the uterus

A

Perimetrium - outer protective layer

Myometrium (middle layer) - three layers of muscle fibres to help expel child during birth

Endometrium (inner layer) - mucous membrane with two layers

  • Stratum functionalis - inner most layer that sheds during menstruation
  • Stratum basalis - permanent and makes new stratum functionalis following menstruation
21
Q

Effects of decreased estrogen following menopause

A

Increased risk for osteoporosis, atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, and weight gain
Atrophy of genitourinary organs (increased urinary frequency, nocturia, incontinence)
Hot flashes, night sweats, mood swings

22
Q

Function of female reproductive system:

A
  1. Produces sex hormones and functional gametes
  2. Protects and supports developing embryo
  3. Maintains growing fetus
  4. Nourishes newborn
23
Q

Mons pubis

A

Fatty layer of tissue over pubic symphasis and cushion during intercourse

24
Q

Labia

A

Protects vagina/urethra
Majora (lateral), and minora (medial)
Highly vascular, many nerves, and lubricating glands

25
Q

Vestibule

A

Protected by labia minor
Contains urethral opening and vaginal orifice
Contains hymen

26
Q

Functions of vagina

A
  1. Organ of copulation
  2. Birth canal
  3. Outlet for menstrual blood
27
Q

Function of ovaries

A
  1. Hormones (estrogen, progesterone) in response to FSH and LH
  2. Development and release of the eggs
  3. Secretion of inhibin - feedback control of pituitary gland

Eggs produced in the cortex

28
Q

Function of mammary glands

A
  1. Nourishment for developing infant

2. Milk production (lactation), controlled by hormones

29
Q

Testes

A

Produce hormones responsible for sexual maturation and sperm cells (100-200 million/day)

Lay within scrotum, which is 2-3 degrees cooler than abdominal temperature

30
Q

Epididymis

A

Where sperm cells from testes are stored, then channeled into vas (ductus) deferents

31
Q

Vas (ductus) deferens

A

Duct that carries sperm to urethra for ejaculation

Passes through opening in inguinal ligament/canal where testicular blood supply also runs

32
Q

Prostate gland

A

Source of fluid that combines with sperm to form semen (20-30%)

Surrounds urethra; when enlarged can block or reduce urine flow (Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia)

33
Q

Seminal glands

A

Mixing with fluid is the first step in capacitation; functional sperm start beating their tails (flagella)

60% of semen volume

34
Q

Bulbo urethral gland

A

Sits at base of penis and lubricates tip

Secretes thick alkaline mucus that helps neutralize urinary acids

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