Gynaecology landmark Flashcards
Effectiveness of Long-Acting Reversible Contraception (CHOICE project).
Author, journal, year.
Aim
New England Journal of Medicine, 2012.
Winner et al.
To assess the failure rate of common contraceptive methods vs LARCs in women at increased risk of unintended pregnancy
Effectiveness of Long-Acting Reversible Contraception (CHOICE project). Methodology
Large prospective cohort study.
Women (14-45y) selected their contraception (pill, patch, ring, depo, IUD, implant), given for free. Telephone f/u 3/12, 6/12, then every 6/12 after.
Effectiveness of Long-Acting Reversible Contraception (CHOICE project).
Results
7486 women. 156 pregnancies attributed to contraceptive failure.
At 1 yr, short acting failure rate 4.8%, LARC 0.3%, depo 0.1%
* (perfect use).
If <21y and used pill, patch, ring, risk of pregnancy double that of older group. LARC not a/w variable failure rate with age.
Effectiveness of Long-Acting Reversible Contraception (CHOICE project).
Conclusions
LARCs show lower failure rates than shorter acting alternatives, particularly among younger women
Effectiveness of Long-Acting Reversible Contraception (CHOICE project).
Strengths.
Large sample, prospective study, low loss to f/u, objective data gathering (e.g. pharmacy records)
Apart from depo / DMPA assessed typical use efficacy which is more clinically relevant
Effectiveness of Long-Acting Reversible Contraception (CHOICE project). Weaknesses
Not randomised (pt more likely to comply with pill if choose to take it). ? not generalisable to all populations - these women seeking contraception. No data on BMI.
No data on patient satisfaction.
Only counted perfect use for DMPA / depo, and typical use for other methods
Effect of screening on ovarian cancer mortality (PLCO).
Journal, author, year.
Aim
JAMA (Journal of the American Medical Association)
2011
Buys et al.
To evaluate the effect of screening on ovarian cancer mortality
Effect of screening on ovarian cancer mortality (PLCO).
Methodology
RCT. PLCO = prostate, lung, colorectal and ovarian cancer screening trial.
78,216 (excluded those with oophorectomy pre trial).
Randomised to yearly screening (6y with Ca125, 4y with TV USS) vs. usual care, followed up for max 13y.
Effect of screening on ovarian cancer mortality (PLCO).
Results
Mortality from ovarian cancer (primary outcome) not statistically significant between the two groups.
Ovarian Ca incidence not statistically significant b/w 2 groups. 77-78% of cancers high grade (3 or 4) in both groups (no observed stage shift with screening).
3285 false positive results, with 1080 women undergoing surgery - major complication rate of 15%.
Effect of screening on ovarian cancer mortality (PLCO).
Strengths
Randomised
Controlled
Good compliance with assigned groups.
Large sample - boundary for futility had been researched
Effect of screening on ovarian cancer mortality (PLCO).
Weaknesses
Unblinded (invasive tests - TV USS). Self-administered questionnaire - source of bias.
Were the Ca125 and TV USS cut offs appropriate? If changed then high risk of false positives
Effect of screening on ovarian cancer mortality (PLCO).
Conclusions
Simultaneous screening with CA-125 and TV USS compared with usual care did not reduce ovarian cancer mortality.
False positive screening test results associated with complications
Scottish pregnancy intervention (SPIN) study. A multicentre RCT of LMWH and low dose Aspirin in women with recurrent miscarriage.
Journal, year, author.
Aim
Blood, 2010.
Clark et al.
Does enoxaparin, aspirin, and intensive pregnancy surveillance reduce rates of pregnancy loss c.f. intensive pregnancy surveillance alone in women with >/=2 prev consecutive miscarriages.
Scottish pregnancy intervention (SPIN) study. A multicentre RCT of LMWH and Aspirin in women with recurrent miscarriage.
Methodology
Multi-centre RCT
UK and NZ.
Women <7/40 with 2+ prev consecutive misc <24/40 randomised to clexane, aspirin, intense surveillance vs. intense surveillance alone (2/52 USS to 12/40 then 4/52 USS to 28/40).
Scottish pregnancy intervention (SPIN) study. A multicentre RCT of LMWH and Aspirin in women with
recurrent miscarriage.
Results
22% pregnancy loss in pharmacological group, 20% in surveillance alone. No significant difference b/w the groups. No significant safety issues with clexane.
Thrombophilia prevalence similar in general population
Scottish pregnancy intervention (SPIN) study. A multicentre RCT of LMWH and Aspirin in women with
recurrent miscarriage.
Conclusion
LMWH and low dose aspirin for women with 2 or more
consecutive pregnancy losses has no measurable benefit in preventing further loss
compared with intensive fetal surveillance.
Scottish pregnancy intervention (SPIN) study. A multicentre RCT of LMWH and Aspirin in women with
recurrent miscarriage.
Strengths.
Well matched controls, RCT, multicentre.
Central collection and testing blood samples to ensure uniform detection of thrombophilia
Scottish pregnancy intervention (SPIN) study. A multicentre RCT of LMWH and Aspirin in women with
recurrent miscarriage.
Weaknesses
Is intensive surveillance practical and feasible?
Small sample size, unable to examine subgroups.
2 prev miscarriages, rather than 3
Does not test implantation theory as Rx started after pregnancy confirmed
The eVALuate study: Two parallel randomised trials, TLH vs. TAH, TLH vs. TVH.
Journal, year, author, aim
BMJ, 2004
Garry et al.
To compare the effects of lap hyst and abdo hyst in the abdominal trial and lap hyst and vag hyst in the vaginal trial
The eVALuate study: Two parallel randomised trials, TLH vs. TAH, TLH vs. TVH.
Methodology
Two parallel, multicentre, randomised trials. UK and SA. Benign hyst patients. Abdo trial (876): TAH 292 vs. TLH 584 Vag trial (504): TVH 168 vs. TLH 336 F/u at 6/52, 4/12 and 1y
The eVALuate study: Two parallel randomised trials, TLH vs. TAH, TLH vs. TVH.
Results
Abdo trial - TLH a/w higher rate of major complications (11.1% vs. 6.2%), TLH longer operating time, TLH less pain and shorter hospital stay, 6/52 better quality of life
Vag trial - underpowered, TLH took longer and higher rate of detecting unexpected pathology
The eVALuate study: Two parallel randomised trials, TLH vs. TAH, TLH vs. TVH.
Conclusions
Laparoscopic hysterectomy was associated with a significantly higher rate of major complications than abdominal hysterectomy, longer operating time.
TLH less pain, quicker recovery and better short term quality of life.
The eVALuate study: Two parallel randomised trials, TLH vs. TAH, TLH vs. TVH.
Strengths
Randomised
Intention to treat analysis
The eVALuate study: Two parallel randomised trials, TLH vs. TAH, TLH vs. TVH.
Weaknesses
Trial underpowered for vag group. Ended before recruitment target reached.
Conversion to laparotomy major complication.
Surgeons less experienced than are now?
Significant 1y loss to f/u
Aspirin plus heparin or aspirin alone in women with recurrent miscarriage (ALIFE trial)
Journal, year, author, aim
NEJM, 2010
Kaandorp et al
To determine if aspirin and heparin or aspirin alone improve pregnancy rate in woman with unexplained recurrent miscarriage
Aspirin plus heparin or aspirin alone in women with recurrent miscarriage (ALIFE trial)
Methodology
Multi-centre randomized control trial in the Netherlands
364 women, 18-42y, 2+ miscarriages
Aspirin + LMWH vs. aspirin alone vs. placebo
Primary outcome: rate of live birth
Intention to treat analysis
Aspirin plus heparin or aspirin alone in women with recurrent miscarriage (ALIFE trial)
Results
No difference in the live birth rates between three groups – 54.5%, 50.8%, 57%
Those receiving combination therapy delivered 1 week earlier than placebo
Aspirin plus heparin or aspirin alone in women with recurrent miscarriage (ALIFE trial)
Conclusions
No difference in live birth rates for recurrent miscarriage with use of aspirin, LMWH or both.
Aspirin plus heparin or aspirin alone in women with recurrent miscarriage (ALIFE trial)
Strengths
Randomised control trial
Intention to treat analysis
Blinded aspirin
Aspirin plus heparin or aspirin alone in women with recurrent miscarriage (ALIFE trial)
Weaknesses
Broad definition of recurrent miscarriage. 40% of woman had previous live birth ?diluted results of the study.
Small numbers in trial ? underpowered.
LMWH not blinded.
Trial discontinued with 22 still in follow up.
Sponsored by GSK who manufacture LMWH