Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

OBGYN > Gynaecology > Flashcards

Gynaecology Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of primary amenorrhea

A

By 13 years with no other evidence of pubertal development
By 15 years with some other signs of puberty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Age of puberty onset in girls

A

8-14 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Age of puberty onset in boys

A

9-15 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Structural causes of amenorrhoea

A

Imperforate hymen
Transverse vaginal septae
Vaginal agenesis
Absent uterus
FGM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Causes of secondary amenorrhoea

A

Pregnancy
Menopause
Hormonal contraception
Hypothalamic/pituitary pathology
PCOS
Ashermann’s syndrome
Thyroid pathology
Hyperprolactinaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Hormone tests for secondary Amenorrhoea

A

bHCG
FSH - high in primary ovarian failure
LH - high in PCOS
Prolactin
TFTs
Testosterone - PCOS, androgen insensitivity, congenital adrenal hyperplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Causes of menorrhagia

A

Dysfunctional uterine bleeding
Extremes of reproductive age
Fibroids
Endometriosis
PID
Copper coil
Anticoagulants
Bleeding disorders
PCOS
Connective tissue disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Management of menorrhagia

A

Tranexamic acid
Mefenamic acid
Mirena coil
COCP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Types of uterine fibroid

A

Intramural
Subserosal
Submucosal
Pedunculated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Presentation of uterine fibroids

A

Asymptomatic
Heavy menstrual bleeding
Abdominal pain, worse during menstruation
Bloating
Urinary/bowel symptoms
Deep dyspareunia
Reduced fertility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Management of fibroids <3cm

A

Mirena coil
Symptomatic management
COCP
Endometrial ablation
Resection during hysteroscopy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Management of fibroids >3cm

A

Symptomatic management
Mirena coil
Uterine artery embolisation
Myomectomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Complications of uterine fibroids

A

Heavy menstrual bleeding
Reduced fertility
Miscarriage
Premature labour
Constipation
Urinary outflow obstruction
Torsion of fibroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Potential aetiologies for endometriosis

A

Retrograde menstruation
Embryonic cells remaining outside the uterus
Lymphatic spread of endometrial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Presentation of endometriosis

A

Cyclical pelvic pain
Deep dyspareunia
Dysmenorrhoea
Infertility
Urinary symptoms
Bowel symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Examination findings in endometriosis

A

Endometrial tissue visible on speculum examination
Fixed cervix
Tenderness in vagina, cervix & adnexa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Gold standard diagnostic investigation for endometriosis

A

Laparoscopy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Management of endometriosis

A

Analgesia
COCP
Medroxyprogestrone acetate injection
GnRH agonists
Laparoscopic ablation
Hysterectomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Sex hormone profile in menopause

A

Oestrogen & progestrone low
LH & FSH high

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Risks of HRT

A

Breast cancer
Endometrial cancer
VTE
Stroke & CAD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Contraindications for HRT

A

Undiagnosed abnormal bleeding
Endometrial hyperplasia
Breast cancer
Uncontrolled HTN
VTE
Liver disease
Active angina
Pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which type of HRT for peri-menopausal women

A

Cyclical combined

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Which type of HRT in post-menopausal women

A

Continuous combined

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Types of ovarian cyst

A

Follicular cyst
Corpus luteum cyst
Serous cystadenoma
Mucinous cystadenoma
Endometrioma
Dermoid cyst
Sex cord-stromal tumour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Risk factors for ovarian malignancy

A

Increased age
Postmenopause
Early menarche
Late menopause
Nulliparity
Obesity
HRT
Smoking
BRCA1/BRCA2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Causes of raised CA125

A

Endometriosis
Fibroids
Adenomyosis
Pelvic infection
Liver disease
Pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Meig’s Syndrome triad

A

Ovarian fibroma
Pleural effusion
Ascites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is Asherman’s Syndrome

A

Adhesions that form within the uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Presentation of Asherman’s Syndrome

A

Post recent dilatation & curettage, uterine surgery to endometriosis
Secondary amenorrhoea
Significantly lighter periods
Dysmenorrhoea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Gold standard investigation for Asherman’s syndrome

A

Hysteroscopy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is cervical ectropion

A

Columnar epithelium of the endocervix extends out into the ectocervix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Presentation of cervical ectropion

A

Increased vaginal discharge
Vaginal bleeding
Dyspareunia
Postcoital bleeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Management of cervical ectropion

A

Cautery with silver nitrate if problematic bleeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is vault prolapse

A

Occurs in women that have had a hysterectomy. The top of the vagina descends into the vagina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is rectocele

A

Defect in the posterior vaginal wall that allows the rectum to prolapse forward into the vagina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is cystocele

A

Defect in the anterior vaginal wall, allowing the bladder to prolapse backwards into the vagina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Risk factors for pelvic organ prolapse

A

Multiple vaginal deliveries
Instrumental/traumatic delivery
Advanced age
Obesity
Chronic respiratory disease
Chronic constipation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Presentation of pelvic organ prolapse

A

Dragging sensation in the pelvis
Feeling of something coming down into the vagina
Incontinence
Urgency
Retention
Constipation
Reduced sexual enjoyment
Altered sexual sensation
Painful intercourse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Grade 1 uterine prolapse

A

The lowest part is more than 1cm above the introitus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Grade 2 uterine prolapse

A

The lowest part is within 1cm of the introitus

41
Q

Grade 3 uterine prolapse

A

The lowest part is more than 1cm below the introitus, but not fully descended

42
Q

Grade 4 uterine prolapse

A

Full descent with eversion of the vagina

43
Q

Conservative management of pelvic organ prolapse

A

Physiotherapy
Weight loss
Reduced caffeine intake
Vaginal oestrogen cream

44
Q

Pathophysiology of urge incontinence

A

Overactivity of the detrusor muscle of the bladder

45
Q

Symptoms of urge incontinence

A

Sudden need to pass urine
Having to rush to the bathroom
Not making it to the toilet in time
Avoidance of activities that reduce bathroom access

46
Q

Symptoms of stress incontinence

A

Urinary leakage when coughing, laughing or surprised

47
Q

Risk factors for urinary incontinence

A

Increased age
Postmenopausal status
Increased BMI
Previous pregnancy
Previous vaginal delivery
Pelvic organ prolapse
Pelvic floor surgery
Multiple sclerosis
Dementia

48
Q

Investigations for urinary incontinence

A

Bladder diary
Urine dipstick
Post-void bladder scan
Urodynamic testing

49
Q

Non surgical management of stress incontinence

A

Avoid caffeine & diuretics
Avoid excessive fluid intake
Weight loss
Supervised pelvic floor exercises
Duloxetine

50
Q

Surgical management of stress incontinence

A

Tension free vaginal tape
Intramural urethral bulking
Colposuspension

51
Q

Non-surgical management of urge incontinence

A

Bladder retraining
Oxybutynin
Tolterodine
Mirabegron

52
Q

Surgical management options for urge incontinence

A

Botox injections
Percutaneous sacral nerve stimulation
Augmentation cystoplasty

53
Q

Presentation of atrophic vagintitis

A

Postmenopausal women
Itching
Dryness
Dyspareunia
Bleeding
Recurrent UTI

54
Q

Features of atrophic vaginitis on examination

A

Pale mucosa
Thin skin
Reduced skin folds
Erythema & inflammation
Dryness
Sparse pubic hair

55
Q

Management of atrophic vaginitis

A

Vaginal lubricants
Estriol cream
Estriol pessaries

56
Q

Which diseases are associated with Lichen Sclerosus

A

Type 1 diabetes
Alopecia
Hypothyroid
Vitiligo

57
Q

Presentation of lichen sclerosus

A

Itching
Soreness
Skin tightness
Painful sex
Erosions
Fissures

58
Q

Appearance of lichen sclerosus

A

Porcelain white
Shiny
Tight
Thin
Slightly raised
Papules/plaques

59
Q

Management of lichen sclerosus

A

Referral to dermatology/gynaecology
Dermovate
Emollients

60
Q

Complications of lichen sclerosus

A

Squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva
Sexual dysfunction
Narrowing of vaginal/urethral openings

61
Q

Type 1 FGM

A

Removal of part or all of the clitoris

62
Q

Type 2 FGM

A

Removal of part or all of the clitoris and labia minora

63
Q

Type 3 FGM

A

Narrowing or closing of the vaginal space

64
Q

Type 4 FGM

A

All other unnecessary procedures to the female genetalia

65
Q

Short term complications of FGM

A

Pain
Bleeding
Infection
Swelling
Retention
Urethral damage
Incontinence

66
Q

Inheritance pattern of androgen insensitivity syndrome

A

X-linked recessive

67
Q

Features of androgen insensitivity syndrome

A

Genetically male
Female phenotype
Female external genitalia & breast tissue
Abdominal/inguinal testes
Taller than average
Infertile

68
Q

Hormone test results in androgen insensitivity syndrome

A

Raised LH
Normal/raised FSH
Normal/raised testosterone
Raised oestrogen

69
Q

Management of androgen insensitivity syndrome

A

Bilateral orchidectomy
Oestrogen therapy
Vaginal dilators

70
Q

Most common subtype of cervical cancer

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

71
Q

Which types of HPV are associated with cervical cancer

A

16 & 18

72
Q

Risk factors for developing cervical cancer

A

Early sexual activity
Increased number of sexual partners
Unprotected sex
Non-engagement with cervical screening
Smoking
HIV
Increased number of full term pregnancies
Family history

73
Q

Cervical appearance consistent with cervical cancer

A

Ulceration
Inflammation
Bleeding
Visible tumour

74
Q

CIN 1?

A

Mild dysplasia, 1/3 thickness of epithelial layer
Likely to return to normal spontaneously

75
Q

CIN II?

A

Moderate dysplasia, 2/3 thickness of epithelial layer
Likely to progress to cancer if untreated

76
Q

CIN III?

A

Severe dysplasia
Very likely to progress to cancer

77
Q

Management of CIN / early stage cervical cancer

A

LLETZ
Cone biopsy

78
Q

Management of stage 1B-2A cervical cancer

A

Radical hysterectomy + lymph node removal
Chemotherapy
Radiotherapy

79
Q

Management of stage 2b - 4A cervical cancer

A

Chemotherapy
Radiotherapy

80
Q

Which strains of HPV cause genital warts

A

6 & 11

81
Q

Risk factors for endometrial cancer

A

Increased age
Early onset of menstruation
Late menopause
Oestrogen only HRT
No/few pregnancies
Obesity
PCOS
Tamoxifen
T2DM
Lynch syndrome

82
Q

Protective factors against endometrial cancer

A

COCP
Mirena coil
Increased pregnancies
Smoking

83
Q

Presentation of endometrial cancer

A

Postcoital bleeding
Intermenstrual bleeding
Heavy menstrual bleeding
Abnormal vaginal discharge
Haematuria
Anaemia
Raised platelet count

84
Q

Investigating suspected endometrial cancer

A

Transvaginal US for endometrial thickness (<4mm)
Pipelle biopsy
Hysteroscopy with endometrial biopsy

85
Q

Stages of endometrial cancer

A

1 - Confined to uterus
2 - Invades cervix
3 - Invades ovaries, fallopian tubes, vagina or lymph nodes
4 - Invades bladder, rectum or beyond pelvis

86
Q

Management for endometrial cancer

A

Total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy

87
Q

Types of ovarian cancer

A

Serous tumours
Endometrioid carcinomas
Clear cell tumours
Mucinous tumours
Undifferentiated tumours
Teratomas
Sex cord stromal tumours

88
Q

Risk factors for ovarian cancer

A

Age (peaks at 60)
BRCA1/BRCA2
Obesity
Smoking
Recurrent clomifene
Early onset of periods
Late menopause
Nulliparity

89
Q

Protective factors against ovarian cancer

A

COCP
Breast feeding
Pregnancy

90
Q

Presentation of ovarian cancer

A

Abdominal bloating
Early satiety
Loss of appetite
Pelvic pain
Urinary symptoms
Weight loss
Abdominal/pelvic mass
Ascites
Referred hip/groin pain

91
Q

Which tumour markers are relevant for ovarian cancer

A

CA125
a-FP
HCG

92
Q

Stage 1 ovarian cancer

A

Confined to the ovary

93
Q

Stage 2 ovarian cancer

A

Spread past the ovary but confined to the pelvis

94
Q

Stage 3 ovarian cancer

A

Spread past the pelvis but within the abdomen

95
Q

Stage 4 ovarian cancer

A

Distant metastases

96
Q

Most common subtype of vulval cancer

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

97
Q

Risk factors for vulval cancer

A

Advanced age
Immunosuppression
HPV
Lichen sclerosus

98
Q

Management of vulval intraepithelial neoplasia

A

Watch & wait
Wide local excision
Imiquimod cream
Laser ablation

99
Q

Presentation of vulval cancer

A

Vulval lump
Ulceration
Bleeding
Itching
Pain
Groin lymphadenopathy

OBGYN (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions