Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Obs & Gynae > Gynaecological Cancers > Flashcards

Gynaecological Cancers Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common gynaecological cancer?

A

Endometrial cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Between what ages does endometrial cancer peak?

A

64-74 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Why is endometrial cancer commoner in the western world?

A

Due to higher rates of obesity which is a risk factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the two main risk factors for endometrial cancer?

A

Obesity and Tamoxifen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Name four risk factors for endometrial cancer other than obesity and Tamoxifen

A

Nulliparity, early menarche, late menopause, diabetes, PCOS, oestrogen producing tumours, HNPCC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is HNPCC?

A

Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is HNPCC also known as?

A

Lynch syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How is HNPCC inherited?

A

Autosomal dominant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the three classifications of endometrial hyperplasia?

A

Simple, complicated, atypical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What percentage of endometrial cancers are type 1?

A

80%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What type of cancer is type 1 endometrial cancer?

A

Adenocarcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What percentage of endometrial cancers are type 2?

A

20%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the gold standard diagnostic investigation for endometrial cancer?

A

Hysteroscopy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Are mets rare in type 1 or type 2 endometrial cancer?

A

Type 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are two methods for endometrial biopsy?

A

Pipelle, Dilation and Curettage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the most common symptom of endometrial cancer?

A

Post menopausal bleeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the mainstay of investigation for endometrial cancer?

A

Hysteroscopy and D&C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does a transvaginal ultrasound assess?

A

Endometrial thickness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Endometrial thickness can be measured by what investigation?

A

Transvaginal ultrasound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How many millimetres is the cut off of endometrial thickness for the indication of endometrial cancer?

A

5mm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Why is a transvaginal ultrasound not very useful in women who are not post-menopausal?

A

Endometrial thickness varies during the menstrual cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the 5 year survival of stage 1 endometrial cancer?

A

80%

23
Q

What is the 5 year survival of stage 2 endometrial cancer?

A

60%

24
Q

What is the 5 year survival of stage 3 endometrial cancer?

A

40%

25
Q

What is the 5 yr survival of stage 4 endometrial cancer?

A

20%

26
Q

Involvement of the pelvic or para-aortic lymph nodes is what stage of endometrial cancer?

A

Stage three

27
Q

In what stage of endometrial cancer do you get bladder/bowel involvement?

A

Stage four

28
Q

Bladder/bowel involvement indicates which stage of endometrial cancer?

A

Stage 4

29
Q

What structures can be involved in stage 3 endometrial cancer?

A

Uterine serosa, vagina, tubes, ovaries, lymph nodes

30
Q

When is adjuvant radiotherapy used for endometrial cancer?

A

When there is a high risk of recurrence

31
Q

What is the primary curative procedure for endometrial cancer?

A

Hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophrectomy (BOS)

32
Q

Name three endogenous sources of oestrogen

A

Obesity
Tumours
PCOS

33
Q

Name two exogenous sources of oestrogen.

A

Tamoxifen

HRT

34
Q

Name four causes of reduced endogenous progesterone production

A

Nulliparity, early menarche, late menopause, PCOS

35
Q

Why does pregnancy act as a protective factor against endometrial cancer?

A

High levels of progesterone during pregnancy

36
Q

What is the most common type of ovarian cancer?

A

Surface epithelial - serous adenocarcinoma

37
Q

Name three types of benign ovarian cysts

A

Follicular cyst, theca-lutein cysts, granulosa cyst

38
Q

Where does a granulosa cell cyst originate from?

A

Corpus luteum

39
Q

Why can a granulosa cell cyst produce amenorrhoea or delayed onset of menatruation?

A

Cyst of corpus luteum - persistent progesterone production

40
Q

Which benign ovarian neoplasm is a solid pale yellow tumour?

A

Brenner tumour

41
Q

What is the most common ovarian tumour in 10-30 year olds?

A

Dermoid cyst

42
Q

What is Meigs syndrome?

A

Triad of ovarian fibroma, ascites and hydrothorax

43
Q

What is the most common stromal cell ovarian tumour?

A

Granulosa cell tumour

44
Q

How can a granulosa cell malignant Timor present?

A

PMB, sexual precocity in pre adolescents and breast tenderness

45
Q

What five factors increase the risk of ovarian cancer?

A

Nulliparity, infertility, early menarche, late menopause, HRT

46
Q

What three interventions can decrease the risk of ovarian cancer?

A

Hysterectomy, salpingo-oophrectomy, sterilisation

47
Q

What three factors can decrease the risk of ovarian cancer?

A

COCP, breastfeeding, pregnancy

48
Q

Name three genetic factors that can play a role in ovarian cancer.

A

HNPCC, BRCA1/2, hereditary ovarian cancer syndrome

49
Q

Which tumour marker is associated with breast cancer?

A

Ca125

50
Q

Cancers of which four organs can also produce a high Ca125?

A

Pancreas, lungs, breast, colon

51
Q

In what stage of ovarian cancer is there spread to pelvic organs?

A

Stage two

52
Q

Where does cancer spread to in stage three of ovarian cancer?

A

Peritoneal cavity, omentum, lymph nodes

53
Q

What are the two mainstays of treatment for ovarian cancer?

A

Chemotherapy and surgery

Obs & Gynae (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions