Gynae VIVAs Flashcards
RFs for ectopic pregnancy
maternal age
smoking
IUD
endometriosis
PID
TOP
previous Hx
absolute CIs of COCP
migraine w. aura
breastfeeding <6 wks post partum
active breast cancer
common SEs of sex hormones
progestogenic:
depression
PMS
bleeding
acne
weight gain
oestrogen:
headache
nausea
breast tenderness
risks assoc. w. IUD/S
ectopic
pain
perforation
expulsion
infection
PID
forms of sterilisation
female:
Filshie clips
transcervical sterilisation
hysterectomy
male:
vasectomy
define FGM
partial/total removal of external genitalia +/- injury to genital organs for cultural/religious/non-therapeutic reasons
types of FGM
1: clitoris
2: clitoris + partial/total removal of labia
3: infibulation (stitching)
4: other
countries where FGM is common
Nigeria
Eritrea
Somalia
causes of PV bleeding
cancer
fibroids
endometriosis
PID
cervical ectropion
types of endometrial cancer
mucinous
serous
secretory
endometrioid
clear cell
RFs for endometrial cancer
obesity
nulliparity
early menarche/late menopause
unopposed oestrogen
DM
PCOS
HNPCC
tamoxifen
frequency of cervical cancer screening
25-49: every 3 years
50-64: every 5 years
what is a uterine fibroid
benign smooth muscle tumour - leiomyoma
types of fibroids
submucosal
intramural
subserosal
how common are fibroids
1 in 3 women will develop at some point in their life
endometriosis vs fibroids
endometriosis: dysmenorrhoea
dyspareunia
pain w. bowel movements
intermenstrual/post-coital bleeding
causes of dysmenorrhoea
endometriosis
adenomyosis
PID
fibroids
how can fibroids affect pregnancy
abnormal lie
red degeneration
risks of HRT
VTE
stroke
CHD
breast + ovarian cancer
types of HRT
combined
oral/transdermal
cyclic/continuous
CIs for HRT
pregnancy
undxed abnormal PV bleeding
active breast/endometrial cancer
active thromboembolic disease
acute liver disease
which cancers in females have national screening programmes
breast and cervical
define miscarriage
spontaneous end of pregnancy before 24 weeks
threatened miscarriage vs missed miscarriage
no foetal heartbeat in missed
causes of recurrent miscarriage
antiphospholipid syndrome
clotting disorders
anatomical defects
define ectopic pregnancy
implantation outside uterine cavity
define complete mole
empty egg fertilised by 1/2 sperm that duplicates
no foetal matter
define partial mole
normal egg fertilised by 2 sperm
foetal matter
most dangerous complication of partial mole
choriocarcinoma
what can be given to ripen cervix before suction + curettage
prostaglandins
incidence of molar pregnancy
1 in 600
dxic criteria for PCOS
2/3 of:
amenorrhoea/oligomenorrhoea
hyperandrogenism
polycystic ovaries (≥12)
causes of secondary amenorrhoea
Sheehan’s
Asherman’s
low BMI
cervical stenosis
lactational
pregnancy
define secondary amennorhea
absence of menstruation for >6months in absence of pregnancy in women who have previously menstruated
PCOS complications
infertility
DM
CVD
PID complications
infertility
ectopic pregnancy
sepsis
Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome
high vaginal swab vs endocervical swab
endocervical: chlamydia, gonorrhoea
high vaginal: anaerobes
MC cause of abnormal vaginal discharge
bacterial vaginosis
copper IUD SEs
expulsion
infection
heavy painful bleeding
how long does the copper IUD last
5 or 10 years
blood tests for suspected antiphospholipid syndrome
lupus anticoagulant
anticardiolipin
2 +ive results 12 weeks apart required
defince subfertility
failure to conceive after 12 months of regular UPSI
causes of subfertility
idiopathic
male factor
PCOS
endometriosis
adhesions
surgery/chemo
blocked tubes
causes of premature ovarian failure
idiopathic
autoimmune disease
chemo/radio/surgery
how does the number of eggs change with age
birth: 1million
puberty: 300,000
300-400 ovulated
causative organism of thrush
candida albicans
RFs for thrush
abx
immunocompromised
diabetes
pregnancy
characteristic speculum finding for trichomonas
strawberry cervix
RFs for vaginal prolapse
obesity
chronic cough
chronic constipation
connective tissue disorders
complex of muscles that makes up bulk of perineum
levator ani
components of levator ani
puborectalis
pubococcygeus
ileococcygeus
categories of uterine prolapse
1: upper half of vagina
2: lower half of vagina
3: protrudes out of Introits
4: complete inversion
