Gynae cancers! Flashcards
What is passing vaginal blood post-menopaus until proven otherwise?
Endometrial cancer
What is clinically significant about pyometra in relation to endometrial cancer?
It can hide occult malignancy
What are the symptoms associated with endometrial cancer?
- Post-menopausal bleeding
* Inter-menstural bleeding
What are the risks associated with developing endometrial cancer?
- Weight → obesity ↑↑ risk
- Null parity
- Late menopause
- Unopposed exposure to oestrogen → HRT,
- Tamoxifen
- Combination pill
- Smoking
What type of cancer is endometrial cancer?
Adenocarcinoma
What is the triple investigation for uterine/endometrial cancer?
• clinical Hx and examination + Transvaginal USS scan + Hysteroscopy
What is the best mode of imagine to stage uterine/endometrial cancer?
MRI
What is the treatment for Uterine/endometrial cancer?
Treatment is stage dependent.
Surgery ± chemotherapy ± radiotherapy
What are the diagnostic tests for uterine/endometrial cancer?
triple investigation → clinical Hx and examination + Transvaginal USS scan + Hysteroscopy
What is the first line treatment for Ovarian cancer?
Ultrasound
What cancer marker can be used to detect ovarian cancer?
Ca-125
What is the most common cause of gynecological cancer deaths?
ovarian cancer
Which genes are associated with a raised risk of contracting Ovarian cancer?
BRCA 1 + BRCA 2
What is the major problem with developing Ovarian cancer?
It is incredibly hard to detect unitil it at an advanced stage
What are the symptoms of Ovarian cancer?
- Persistent bloating and vague abdominal pain
- Feeling of pressure in the pelvic area
- Loss of appetite
- Weight loss
- Lower back pain
- Dyspareunia
- Altered bowel habit
What are the risk factors for developing ovarian cancer?
- Age (75% occurring in over 55’s)
- HRT and endometriosis
- Smoking and asbestos
- Diabetes
- Family Hx (7% cases positive family Hx) and BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations
- High BMI and being very tall
- Previous Ca and previous radiotherapy
What does RMI stand for in relation to cancer?
Risk of Malignancy Index → Menopausal score x USS score x Ca-125=
What is the first line of imaging for a suspected ovarian cancer?
Ultra sound scan
What conditions other than ovarian cancer can give a raised CA-125?
endometriosis, viral illness, cirrhosis
What is a colposcopy?
Magnified, lit view of the top of the vagina and lower end of the cervix.
What is cervical cancer directly related to?
Human papilloma virus (HPV)
What are the symptoms of cervical cancer?
- Abnormal vaginal bleeding
- Vaginal discomfort
- Malodorous discharge
- Dysuria
What is the leading cause of cancer-related death for women in developing countrie?
Cervical cancer
Where do cervical cancers form in the cervix?
The transformational zone → squamocolumnar junction
