Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

GOSH > Gynae > Flashcards

Gynae Flashcards

1
Q

A surge in which hormone initiates ovulation? How long after this surge does ovulation take place?

A

LH

36 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does FSH do?

A

stimulates development of ovarian follicles and subsequent secretion of oestrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what does LH do?

A

Production of oestrogen
Conversion of graafian follicles into progesterone producing corpus luteum (prog causes endometrium to become more receptive to implantation)
Surge leads to ovulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

High oestrogen and progesterone causes what effect on GnRH and FSH?

A

Negative feedback so inhibits HPO axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Role of oestrogen?

A

Endometrial thickening and thinning of cervical mucus (to allow for easier sperm passage)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

two phases of menstrual cycle?

A

Follicular and luteal phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Duration of follicular phase?

A

variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Duration of luteal phase?

A

Ovulation occurs on day 14. Corpus luteum lives for 14 days.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What hormone does the corpus luteum secrete? what does it do?

A

progesterone.
- Stabilises endometrium
(if fert takes place then prog production cont and endometrium stays stabilised)
(if no fert, then CL dies and prog levels drop, result in unstable endometrium and shedding)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Classification of menorrhagia

A 
Primary
- idiopathic (dysfunctional uterine bleeding) = majority
Secondary
- Adenomyosis 
- Uterine fibroids
- Coagulation disorder/anticoag rx
- Hypothyroidism
- Polyps/hyperplasia
- IUD (copper coil)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

23 yo female presents with concerns regarding her heavy bleeding? Briefly list the questions you’ll ask

A

Cycle

  • PMP
  • regular - duration?
  • no. of days bleeding
  • no. of days heavy bleeding
  • clots/flooding
  • no. tampons/sanitary towels (how often change)

Assoc sx

  • dysmenorrhoea
  • vaginal discharge
  • IMB/PCB
  • Dyspareunia
  • pelvic pain

Medications

PMhx

Impact on QOL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Examination for menorrhagia

A
  • signs of anaemia or hypothyroidism
  • abdo exam
  • speculum (smear if due)
  • Bimanual pelvic examination
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Investigations for menorrhagia

A

Bloods (FBC-anaemia, TFTs, clotting)
If NAD on exam then further investigations not necessary
- TV USS (endometrial thickening, adnexal masses)
- Hysteroscopy (1st line if PMB)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Management of menorrhagia?

A
  • Mefanamic acid (NSAID)
  • Tranexamic acid (anti-fibrinolytic)
  • COCP
  • Mirena (IUS) - large number of women will be amenorrhoeic at 1 yr after insertion
  • Endometrial ablation (destroys basal layer via diathermy, laser, transcervical endomet resection)
  • Hysterectomy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Causes of amenorrhoea?

A 
Primary (lack of menstruation by the age of 16)
- outflow obstruction
- ovarian disorders
- pit disorders
- hypothalamic disorders
Secondary (absence of menstruation for 6 months)
- cerebral
- hypothalamic-pit
- thyroid (hyper/hypo)
- adrenal
- ovary
- uterine/vaginal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

List some causes of cerebral secondary amenorrhoea?

A 
starvation
excessive exercise
anorexia
stress
anti-dopaminergic drugs
neoplasm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What pituitary problem can cause secondary or primary amenorrhoea?

A

prolactinoma - secretes prolactin therefore neg feedback to hypo to reduce GnRH which reduces FSH, LH –> anovulation and amenorrhoea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Adrenal causes of amenorrhoea?

A
  • cushing’s syndrome

- androgen secreting tumour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Ovarian causes of amenorrhoea?

A
  • PCOS
  • menopause
  • chemo/rad
  • resistant ovary syndrome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Uterine/vaginal causes of amenorrhoea?

A
  • pregnancy
  • cervical stenosis
  • Mirena IUS
  • ascherman’s syndrome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Primary outflow causes of amenorrhoea?

A
  • mullerian agenesis
  • androgen insesitivity
  • imperforate hymen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Ovarian disorders causing primary amenorrhoea?

A 
PCOS
Gonadal dysgenesis (turners syn)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Brief hx for amenorrhoea?

A
  • preggo?
  • contraception
  • galactorrhoea
  • androgenic sx (hirsutism, acne, wt gain)
  • wt loss
  • daily issues (exercise, eating, stress)
  • sweats and flushes (menopause)

Pmhx
- chemorad, surgery gynae
Dx
- APs, heroin, methadone, metoclopramide
- Contraceptives (injectable progestogens)
Fhx
- hx of premature menopause or late menarche)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

18yo female presents with lower abdo pain with a crampy feeling that occurs on the first day of her period? What term would you use to describe this presentation? What are the causes?

A 
Dysmenorrhoea = painful menstruation
- Primary = no obvious organic cause
- Secondary = underlying condition. >teen year. change in usual pain.
\+ Endometriosis
\+ PID
\+ IUS
\+ sub mucous fibroids
\+ asherman's syndrome
\+ psychosexual problems
\+ cervical stenosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Clinical features + Assoc symptoms of dysmenorrhoea?

A

2 days of pain during bleeding then gradually easing

  • lower abdo, pelvic pain
  • cramps
  • backache
  • N,V,D
  • Dyspareunia > 2dary
  • abnormal bleeding > 2dary
  • vaginal discharge > 2dary
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Rx for primary dysmenorrhoea?

A

Mefanamic acid 500mg TDS (take when start bleeding) NSAID

OCP –> stops ovulation so is effective in 90%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Types of uterine fibroids?

A

Subserosal,
Submucosal
Intramural
Pedunculated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is urinary incontinence?

A

Involuntary loss of urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Definition of stress urinary incontinence?

A

Involuntary loss of urine on effort or exertion or on coughing/sneezing.

Due to urethral sphincter weakness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Definition of urge urinary incontinence?

A

Involuntary loss of urine preceded by a strong desire to void

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Difference between mixed, overflow and continuous urinary incontinence?

A

Mixed = aspects of both urge and stress incontinence

Overflow = Occurs when the bladder becomes large and flaccid and has little or no detrusor tone or function. Due to injury from surgery or postpartum

Continuous = cont loss of urine. assoc with fistulae or congenital abnormality. (ectopic ureter)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Differentials for urinary incontinence?/Inc frequency?

A 
DM
UTI
Stress incontinence
Urge incontinence
Overflow incontinence
Continuous incontinence
Mixed incontinence
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Ix for a women who presents urinary incontinence?

A

Urinalysis +/- MSU (exclude infection)
Freq/volume chart
Urodynamic study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the most common cause urinary incontinence? Commonest cause in elderly women?

A

Most common = stress incontinence

Elderly women = over activity syndrome (DOA) +/- urge incontinence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Risk factors for stress incontinence?

A
  • Vaginal deliveries
  • Age
  • Prolapse
  • previous surgery
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Mx of stress incontinence?

A

Conservatively
Non surgical
- Physiotherapy for pelvic floor exercises for at least 3 months. 3 sets of 10 reps of max contractions for 10 secs
- Reduce BMI, stop smoking, reduce caffeine
- Vaginal cones (help with pelvic floor training)
- electrical stimulation
- Duolextine (SNRI) = enhances urethral sphincter activity

Surgical

  • Tension free vaginal tape (helps support urethra)
  • Injections of bulking agents into the urethral walls
  • Colposuspension
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Hx for incontinence?

A
  • Urinary sx (incontinence, frequency, voiding, UTIs)
  • Gynae hx (smears, cycle, surgery, prolapse)
  • Obs (parity, MOD, wt of children)
  • PMHx (constipation, chronic cough, cardiac, DM, psychiatric)
  • Dhx (beta blockers, anticholinergics, diuretics)
  • Fhx
  • Shx (impact on QOL)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

How does detrusor overactivity syndrome usually present?

A

Irritative sx

  • freq
  • urgency
  • urge incontinence
  • dysuria
  • nocturia
  • Triggered by cold, opening front door, hearing water
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Mx of DOA?

A

Conservative
Non surgical
- Bladder RETRAINING - min of 6 wks (extend intervals between voiding)
- Adv 1-1.5l liquids a day
- stop caffeine, tea
- Stop smoking
- Drugs (anticholinergics such as oxybutynin = relaxes detrusor muscle), TCAs, and desmopressin (anti-diuretic)

Surgical

  • Intravescial botox = temporary paralysis of detrusor muscle. repeated 6-12 months. 10% SE of retention.
  • Sacral implantation/implanted = S3 continuous stimulation
  • Detrusor myomectomy or cystoplasty
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Cottage cheese discharge with itchy vulvitis?

A

Candida. Rx with clotrimazole.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Offensive smelling, yellowy frothy discharge? With a strawberry cervix. vulvovaginitis.

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

How does Bacterial vaginosis present?

A

offensive smelling, thin, white/greyish, fishy discharge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Most common causes of vaginal discharge?

A

Physiological
Candida
TV
BV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Less common causes of vaginal discharge?

A
  • gonorrhoea
  • chlamydia (less common)
  • ectropion
  • cervical cancer
  • foreign body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

In which two conditions is cervical excitation seen in assoc with pelvic pain?

A
  • PID

- ectopic preggo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Dysuria and frequency are common but women may experience suprapubic burning secondary to cystitis

A

UTI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

A typical history is a female with a history of 6-8 weeks amenorrhoea who presents with lower abdominal pain and later develops vaginal bleeding
Shoulder tip pain and cervical excitation may be seen

A

Ectopic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Pelvic pain, fever, deep dyspareunia, vaginal discharge, dysuria and menstrual irregularities may occur
Cervical excitation may be found on examination

A

PID

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Pain initial in the central abdomen before localising to the right iliac fossa
Anorexia is common
Tachycardia, low-grade pyrexia, tenderness in RIF
Rovsing’s sign: more pain in RIF than LIF when palpating LIF

A

Appendicitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Vaginal bleeding and crampy lower abdominal pain following a period of amenorrhoea

A

miscarriage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Usually sudden onset unilateral lower abdominal pain. Onset may coincide with exercise.
Nausea and vomiting are common
Unilateral, tender adnexal mass on examination

A

Ovarian torsion

52
Q

Chronic pelvic pain
Dysmenorrhoea - pain often starts days before bleeding
Deep dyspareunia
Subfertility

A

Endometriosis

53
Q

Extremely common. The most consistent features are abdominal pain, bloating and change in bowel habit
Features such as lethargy, nausea, backache and bladder symptoms may also be present

A

IBS

54
Q

Unilateral dull ache which may be intermittent or only occur during intercourse. Torsion or rupture may lead to severe abdominal pain
Large cysts may cause abdominal swelling or pressure effects on the bladder

A

ovarian cyst

55
Q

Seen in older women
Sensation of pressure, heaviness, ‘bearing-down’
Urinary symptoms: incontinence, frequency, urgency

A

urogenital prolapse.

Sx of dragging

56
Q

Key counselling points for women trying to get pregnant?

A
  • folic acid
  • BMI 20-25
  • regular intercourse, every 2/3 days
  • Smoking and drinking adv
57
Q

pt presents with an 18 month hx of struggling to get pregnant - what are the cause of sub fertility/infertility? What is the first line ix?

A

Causes

  • male 30%
  • ovulation 20%
  • tubal damage 15%
  • unexplained
  • other

Males: semen analysis
Females: 21 day progesterone levels (see if they are ovulating) 7 days prior to next period

58
Q

What level of Serum progestogen indicates ovulation?

A

> 30mmol/l

59
Q

what colour is a PV bleed likely to be in an ectopic preggo?

A

Dark brown

60
Q

NICE recommendations for examining a suspected ectopic?

A 
abdominal tenderness
cervical excitation (also known as cervical motion tenderness)
adnexal mass: NICE advise NOT to examine for an adnexal mass due to an increased risk of rupturing the pregnancy. A pelvic examination to check for cervical excitation is however recommended
61
Q

What is Mittelschmerz?

A

Mid cycle pain - on ovulation, lower abdo and pelvic pain.

62
Q

What muscles comprise levator ani?

A

Puborectalis
Pubococcygeus
Iliococcygeus

63
Q

Aetiology of prolapse?

A
  • pregnancy with VD (pelvic floor damage and denervation)
  • congenital (CT disorders like ehlers danlos)
  • predisposing factors (constipation, chronic cough, heavy lifting)
  • Age (dec in CT structure)
  • iatrogenic (hysterectomy, continence procedures)
64
Q

o prolapse of the upper posterior wall of the vagina and small loops of bowel

A

enterocele

65
Q

prolapse of the lower posterior wall of the vagina involving the anterior wall of the rectum

A

rectocele

66
Q

cystocele?

A

prolapse of upper anterior wall of vagina = bladder

67
Q

urethrocele

A

prolapse of lower anterior wall of vagina just involving the urethra

68
Q

Uterine prolapse?

A

Prolapse of uterus, cervix and upper vagina

69
Q

Sx of urogenital prolapse?

A
  • discomfort, dragging, heaviness within pelvis
  • feel like a lump is coming down
  • dyspareunia
  • difficulty inserting tampons

Urethrocele

  • freq
  • urgency
  • urinary retention
  • incomplete bladder emptying

Rectocele

  • constipation
  • difficulty defecation
70
Q

What position is a women best in for examination for suspected prolapse?

A

Left lateral using a Sims speculum

71
Q

Examination of a suspected prolapse would include?

A

Sims speculum

Bimanual examination - exclusion of pelvic massess

72
Q

What ix would you do for a suspected prolapse?

A
  • USS to exclude other pelvic masses

- Urodynamics

73
Q

Treatment of urogenital prolapse?

A 
Conservative
- Physiotherapy (pelvic floor exercises)
- pessary (ring most common)
- reduce wt (BMI < 30)
Surgical 
- anterior repair for cysto-urethroceles
- posterior repair for recto and enteroceles.
- vaginal hysterectomy
- use of vaginal mesh
74
Q

Clinical features of uterine leiomyomas?

A

Largely asymptomatic

  • dysmenorrhoea
  • menorrhagia
  • pressure sx (urinary freq)
  • pelvic pain
  • dyspareunia
  • abdo pain/swelling
75
Q

Mx of uterine fibroids?

A 
If asymptotic then monitor
control menorrhagia and dysmenorrhoea
- TXA, mefanamic acid, OCP or IUS
Shrink fibroid (GnRh analogous or uterine artery embolisation)
Surgery (myomectomy or hysterectomy)
76
Q

Risk factors for uterine fibroids?

A
  • Women of reproductive age (high oestrogen)
  • afrocarribean
  • obesity
  • thx of fibroids
77
Q

What is the most common type of ovarian cyst?

A

Follicular (non-rupture of dominant follicile or failure of atresia of non-dominant follicle)

78
Q

What is the most common type of benign ovarian tumour < 30yo?

A

Dermoid cyst (mature cystic teratoma)
- hair, teeth, skin
Bilateral in 20%
usually asymp

79
Q

What is the most common type of benign epithelial ovarian tumour?

A

serous cyst adenoma.

80
Q

What benign tumour is most like the most common type of ovarian cancer?

A

serous cyst adenoma –> serous carcinoma

81
Q

What benign tumour can grow to massive proportions?

A

mucinous cyst adenoma

82
Q

Rupture of a mucinous cyst adenoma could lead to what?

A

pseudomyxoma peritonei

83
Q

Which physiological cyst is most likely to present with intraperitoneal rupture?

A

Corpus luteal

84
Q

What tumour markers will you look at in a postmenopausal women with a suspected cyst?

A 
CA125
CA 19.9
LDH
AFP
serum beta hCG
85
Q

Clinical features of ovarian cysts?

A

Asymp
Chronic pain (dull ache, pressure sx,)
Acute (bleeding, rupture, torsion)
Abnormal uterine bleeding

86
Q

Ix for ovarian cysts?

A 
Preggo test
Abdo exam (masses, ascites, tenderness, peritonism)
Bimanual (adnexa)
Bloods (FBC and tumour markers)
TA/TV USS
tumour markers.
87
Q

simple ovarian cyst in a 26 yo female. <5cm in size. Rx?

A

Watch and wait. should resolve in 3 menstrual cycles.

88
Q

what is the tumour marker for pancreatic cancer?

A

CA19.9

89
Q

tumour marker for ovarian cancer?

A

CA125

90
Q

Tumour marker for bowel cancer?

A

CEA

91
Q

Meigs syndrome is what and is associated with what?

A

Benign ovarian fibroma.

Assoc with ascites and pleural effusions

92
Q

Name a 5 alpha reductase inhibitor? Use?

A

Finasteride (stops conversion of testosterone to Dihydrotestosterone)
BPH
Excessive hair growth

93
Q

what is the rotterdam criteria?

A

Diagnosis of PCOS (2 out of 3 variables)

  • Oligo/amenorrhoea (>42 days cycle)
  • clinical or biochemical signs of hyperadrogenism (hirsutism, acne, alopecia)
  • USS of ovaries > 12 antral follicles in one ovary
  • ovarian volume > 10ml
94
Q

what bloods are likely to show raised markers in PCOS?

A

raised LH. normal FSH.

raised testosterone

95
Q

What is the most common endocrine disorder in women?

A

PCOS

96
Q

Mx of PCOS?

A

Lifestyle
- reduce wt (exercise and diet)
Sx of hyperandrogensism
- use of anti-androgens to reduce acne and hirsutism (eflornithin facial cream, finasteride), COCP
Subfertility (wt loss, clomiphene citrate for induction, ovarian diathermy, IVF)
Insulin sensitisers (metformin)

97
Q

Long periods of secondary amenorrhoea left untreated can inc risk of what?

A

endometrial hyperplasia and subsequent endometrial carcinoma

98
Q

Complication of ovulation induction of someone with PCOS?

A

OHSS

  • Shift of fluid from intravascular space to extravascular space
  • IV depletion leads to coagulopathy and harm-concentration.
  • EV spaces such as peritoneal and pleural spaces fill with fluid
99
Q

What factor is central to the pathology being OHSS?

A

VEGF

100
Q

Most common cancer in women under the age of 35?

A

Cervical cancer

101
Q

Cervical smears occur how often?

A 
25-50 = 3 yrly
50-65 = 5 yrly
102
Q

Smear of a 45 yo female shows moderate grade dyskaryosis. appropriate next step?

A

refer to colposcopy within 4 wks.

103
Q

smear of a 26yo shows borderline squamous cell changes? what happens next?

A

HR HPV tested

  • if positive = referred for colposcopy
  • if negative = routine recall
104
Q

High grade dyskaryosis. What happens next and what FU is needed?

A

refer all to colposcopy within 4 wks.
LLETZ
repeat cytology at 6 months for 1 yr then
annually until next routine smear.

105
Q

Clinical features of cervical cancer?

A

PCR, IMB, PMB,
persistent, offense, blood stained discharge
pain in late disease

Speculum, bimanual and PR

106
Q

Rx for BV?>

A

oral metronidazole

107
Q

Rx for TV?

A

oral metronidazole

108
Q

What ix will be done if cervical cancer is confirmed on biopsy?

A

MRI pelvis (size, volume, local invasion and lymph node spread)

CT abdo, chest for mets

109
Q

Spread of cervical cancer?

A

Local (vagina, bladder, bowel, parametrium)
Lymph (parametrise, iliac, obturator, para-aortic and pre-sacral)
Blood (liver and lungs)

110
Q

what staging system used in cervical cancer? numbers?

A

FIGO. 5 stages

111
Q

cervical cancer: on the pelvic wall and lower third of vagina - FIGO staging?

A

Stage 3

112
Q

cervical cancer: confined to cervix - FIGO staging?

A

Stage 1

113
Q

cervical cancer: disease beyond cervix but not to lower third of vagina or pelvic wall - FIGO staging?

A

Stage 2

114
Q

cervical cancer: disease invades bladder, rectum or mets?

A

Stage 4

115
Q

When would you use a radical trachelecotmy?

A

Stage I cervical cancer without LN spread

116
Q

What is a Wertheims procedure?

A

RADICAL total hysterectomy with BL salpingo-oophorectomy with parametrium

117
Q

Stage 4 Cervical cancer - what rx?

A

chemorad with palliation

118
Q

What are the protective factors in endometrial cancer?

A

Parity (high progesterone levels)
Smoking
COCP (50% dec in risk over 4 yrs of use - due to progesterone)

119
Q

What are three oestrogen?

A

E1 - oestrone = main one during menopause
E2 - oestradiol = main one during reproductive years
E3 - oestriol = main one during pregnancy

120
Q

What is the main circulating oestrogen in pregnancy?

A

E3 = oestriol

121
Q

What is the main circulating oestrogen in menopause?

A

E1 = Oestrone

122
Q

What is the main circulating oestrogen during reproductive years?

A

E2 = Oestradiol

123
Q

FIGO staging of endometrial cancer?

A

Stage 1 = confined to body of uterus
Stage 2 = extends into cervix
Stage 3 = extends outside of uterus (peritoneal cavity and lymph)
Stage 4 = bowel, bladder, distant organ involvement

124
Q

Endometrial cancer is because of what major process?

A

Excess unopposed oestrogen. no protective effects of progesterone

125
Q

Clinical features of endometrial cancer?

A

PMB!!!

<40yo then irregular, heavy, menses, or discharge

GOSH (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions