Gynae Flashcards

1
Q

Types of benign ovarian disease?

A
  • functional cysts
    Follicular
    Corpus luteal
  • Pathological cysts
    Endometrioma
    Polycystic ovaries
    Theca lutein cyst
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2
Q

Corpus luteal cyst - key feature?

A

“Ring of fire” sign on US

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3
Q

Endometrioma - key feature?

A

Chocolate cysts

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4
Q

Polycystic ovaries - key feature on US?

A

“Ring of pearls” sing on US

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5
Q

Theca lutein cyst - why does it develop?

A

Consequence of extremely high hCG (e.g. due to a molar pregnancy)

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6
Q

4 type sof ovarian cancer?

A
  • Epithelial cell tumours
  • germ cell tumours
  • sex cord/stromal tumours
  • Metastatic
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7
Q

Types of ovarian epithelial cell tumours?

A
  • Serous type (most common)
  • Mucinous
  • Clear cell
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8
Q

Types of ovarian Sex cord/stromal tumours?

A
  • Sertoli-leydig cell
  • Granulosa cell tumours
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9
Q

Features of germ cell tumours?

A
  • Benign
  • High AFP and hCG
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10
Q

Classic metastatic ovary tumour?

A
  • Krunkenberg (commonly from stomach primary_
  • Signet ring cells on histology
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11
Q

Risk Factors for endometrial malignancy?

A
  • Obesity
  • Diabetes (independent risk factor)
  • Polycystic ovarian syndrome (must have withdrawal bleed every 3 months)
  • Increased age
  • Earlier onset of menstruation (48kg)
  • Late menopause
  • Oestrogen-only hormone replacement therapy
  • No or fewer pregnancies
  • Tamoxifen (selective oestrogen receptor modulator - antagonist in the ER in breast, agonist in bone => very good to protect from osteoporosis, and agonist in endometrium - which increases risk for endometrial cancer)
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12
Q

Risk factors for cervical malignancy:

A

Increased risk of catching HPV occurs with:
- Early sexual activity
- Increased number of sexual partners
- Sexual partners who have had more partners
- Not using condoms

Non-engagement with cervical screening is a significant risk factor. Many cases of cervical cancer are preventable with early detection and treatment of precancerous changes.

Other risk factors are:
- Smoking
- HIV (patients with HIV are offered yearly smear tests)
- Combined contraceptive pill use for more than five years (>8 years)
- Increased number of full-term pregnancies
- Family history
- Exposure to diethylstilbestrol during fetal development (this was previously used to prevent miscarriages before 1971)

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