GVC Flashcards

1
Q

What is CAA?

A

Civil Aviation Authority

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2
Q

What is MOR?

A

Mandatory Occurance Report

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3
Q

What is SARG?

A

Safety and Airspace Regulation Group

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4
Q

What is ATM?

A

Air Traffic Management

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5
Q

What is ATC?

A

Air Traffic Control

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6
Q

What is NATS?

A

National Air Traffic Services

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7
Q

What is NAA?

A

National Aviation Authority

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8
Q

What is FIR?

A

Flight Information Region

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9
Q

What is ATZ?

A

Aerodome Traffic Zone

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10
Q

What is FRZ?

A

Flight Restriction Zone

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11
Q

What is NOTAM?

A

Notice to Airmen

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12
Q

What is MTOM?

A

Maximum Take-Off Mass

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13
Q

What is AIP?

A

Aeronautical Information Publication

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14
Q

What is AIC?

A

Aeronautical Information Circular

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15
Q

What is VLOS?

A

Visual Line of Sight

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16
Q

What is BVLOS?

A

Beyond Visual Line of Sight

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17
Q

What is EVLOS?

A

Extended Visual Line of Sight

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18
Q

What is NSF?

A

Non-Standard Flight

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19
Q

What is ENSF?

A

Enhanced Non-Standard Flight

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20
Q

Who are the airspace monitors?

A

ATMs (Air Traffic Management) and ATCs (Air Traffic Controllers)

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21
Q

What is AIRPROX?

A

Air Proximity

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22
Q

What is ECCAIRS?

A

European Coordination Centre for Accident and Incident Reporting Systems

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23
Q

What is OSC?

A

Operating Safety Case

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24
Q

What is ASL?

A

Above surface level

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25
What is a flyer ID?
Acts as yout acknowledgement of compentency as as Remot Pilot from the CAA Can be any age - anyone under 12 must be supervised by someone aged 16 or over who has a flyer ID Must pass an online test
25
What is a flyer ID?
Acts as yout acknowledgement of compentency as as Remot Pilot from the CAA Can be any age - anyone under 12 must be supervised by someone aged 16 or over who has a flyer ID Must pass an online test
26
What is an Operator ID?
Anyone responsible for a drone must register as an Operator Must didplay your Operator ID on your drones and you can use the same Operator ID for all your drones Must be aged 18 or over to be an Operator
27
What are the specifications for the Open Category
Can use A2 CofC qualification MOTM must be less than 25kg UAS operated within VLOS UAS must not be flown further than 120 m (400ft) from the closest point of the surface of the earth
28
What are the specifications for the Specialised Category?
Qualification requirement is GVC Requires CAA Application Allows you to fly with reduced limitations if not attainable in Open Category
29
What are the specification for Certfied Category?
Qualification requirements equivalent to manned avaition Requires CAA application Rules for flying will mirror those used in manned aviation
30
Specifications for A1 open category?
No overflight Less than 250g No specific distance limitations but should observe 1:1 rule
31
Specifications for A2 open category?
No closer than 50m horizontally from uninvolved persons Max mass of 4kg Must have A2 CofC
32
Specifications for A3 open category?
No flight within 150m horizontally of congested area Max mass 25kg Training requirement DMARES & User Manual
33
What is 1:1 rule?
Horzontal separation distacne of drone must be equal (or greater) to the height the drone is flying
34
When can an unmanned aircraft be flown greater then 400ft from closest point of the earth's surface in open category?
Height can be exceeded whrn overflying a fixed obstacle provided that: * Person in charge of obstacle has granted permission * The UM is not flown more than 15m above the top of the obstacle and must be kept within 50m horizontally of it
35
How long is a GVC valid for?
5 years from the date that the exam was taken
36
What is PDRA?
Pre-Defined Risk Assessment
37
What is UKPDRA-01?
Standard permission issued by the CAA for operations with the Specific category
38
What are the conditions associated witH UKPDRA-01?
VLOS only Operation during day and night Predominantly in for UK Operations Flights must not take place in an FRZ or reserved airspace without appropriate approval Kept at 400 ft Max distance of 500m Must not fly closer than 50m to uninvolved persons (no closer than 30m for take off or landing) Checklist for safety Remote pilots operating under the OA must be employed Operator must comply with the UAS IR, and maintain flight records (logbooks) Occurances when operating under OA must be reported with accordance with the requirements EC785/2004 complaint insurance is needed whenever flying under the OA
39
What are the requirements for 'See and Avoid'
Effective visual scanning Situational Awareness The development of good airmanship
40
What are VLOS principles?
Maximum distance of 500m horizontally (only if aircraft can still be seen at this distance) Maxium heigth from earth's surface is 400 ft
41
When are NSF and ENSF needed?
In controlled airspace over London and other major cities, NATs can require a UAS operator to apply for NSF or ENSF approval to fly in restricted airspace before the flight can take place
42
When should you apply for an NSF?
Unusual Aerial Activities wholly contained within controlled airspace are processed as NSF approval and are subject to prior approval either by CAA or specific Air Traffic Services Applications for NSFs should be made within a minimum of 14 days notice
43
When are ENSF required?
Restricted areas such as airports and parks that are marked on current VRF charts The restritions require, with certain exceptions, that no aircraft fly below 1,400 feet Above Means Sea Level (AMSL) within these areas unless in accordance with an ENSF clearnce issued by the appropriate ATC unit
44
What are some reportable occurances?
Loss of control/datalink Navigation failures Pilot station configuration changes/errors Transfer to/from launch control/ mission control stations Display failures Crew Resource Management failures Structural damage/heavy landing Flight programming errors (incorrect speed programmed) Any incident that injuries a third party
45
What is an AirProx?
Where, in the opinion of a pilot or air traffic service personnel, the distance between aircraft as well as thier relative postions and speeds have been sucht that ther safety of an aircrat involved may have been compromised Either piloted involved or an ATC who witness the AirProx can report the incident
46
What is an Operational Authorisation?
Permission to operate a UAS under specific limiations and conditions
47
Who has rights over airspace?
The state has the rights over the airspace and the rules and regulations about its use are issued on behalf of the state by the NAA: in our case the CAA
48
What is FL?
Flight Level
49
What is TMA?
Terminal Manoeuvring Area
50
What is CTA?
Controlled Area
51
What is CTR?
Controlled Zone
52
What is ATZ?
Aerodone Traffic Zone
53
Where do CTRs, ATZs, TMAs, CTAs and FLs occur?
CTRs and ATZs occur at ground level TMAs, CTAs and FLs occur up in the airspace away from the ground
54
Who manages FIRs?
Managed by a controlling authority and they have the responsibility of ensuring that air traffic services are supplied to aircraft that are flying with their region In the UK CAA is the controlling authority, and the ATS are provided to them by NATS
55
What are the three FIRs in the UK?
London Scottish Shanwick
56
What is Class A, C, and E airspace?
Layer of airspace that do not exten to the ground
57
What is Class G?
Main uncontrolled, except aroung aerodomes where ATC is resident and in these cases, the level of control comes down to ground level
58
What is Class D?
Very controlled and occurs around major airports and the control at the lowest level extends to ground level
59
What class do UAS flights noramlly take place?
Class G - uncontrolled Class D - controlled airspace
60
What are runway protection zones?
Protectes areas that extend 5km from the runway and ensure unmanned aircraft are clear of manned aviation unless controlled closely
61
What are ATZs?
Aerodrome Traffic Zones
62
What are the dimensions of ATZs?
Zone extending from the ground upto 2000 feeet with radius of 2.5 (2.0) NM around midpoint of longest runway for aerodromes where the longest runway is longer (shorter) than 1850m
63
What are the parameters of FRZs?
Flight Restriction Zones Area combined with the runway protection zone which starts and end of each runway going out to 5km in length, with a width of 1km FRZ + ATZ makes the Flight restriction zone
64
What are the three main reserved airspace categories?
Danger areas where military operate Prohibited areas where no is supposed to fly Restricted areas for particular reasons
65
How can we check temporary airspace reservations?
They will not show up on aviation maps We can use NOTAM info websites Or look at Dronesafetymaps.com
66
When should you seek permission for UAS flight?
Any UAS under 25kg MOTM, no specific permission is needed from an ATC at any time before you operate execpt when flying in a flight restriction zone or runway protection zone Do consider contacting local ATC or nearby airfields out of courtesy to inform about intended flight
67
When can NOTAMS be issued?
Red arrow displays Firework displays Runways out of service GPS jamming New obstacle/structure erected
68
Who to contact when flying in class G and D airspace?
If below 25 kg and outside an ATZ/FRZ you can fly without seeking permission from an ATC This isn't advised and best practice to still contact relevant ATC before flight
69
Who do you contact before operating within an ATZ/FRZ?
Must contract ATC/Airport Operator first and seek permission to fly (some may require NSF Application)
70
What is segragated airspace?
Block of airspace to operate in which the unmanned aircraft is segregated from other aircraft - other aircraft not permitted to enter airspace block Usually put in place for BVLOS flights
71
What is good airmanship?
Knowledge Preparation Practice
72
What are the block principles of the Kern Airmanship model?
Proficiency Skill Discipline
73
What are the pillars of knowledge of the Kern Airmanship model?
Self Aircraft Team Environment Risk
74
What are the capstone outcomes in the Kern Airmanship model?
Judgement Situational Awareness
75
What is aircraft airworthiness?
CAA regulates all UAS under 150kg No requirement for independent airworthimess assessment if the aircraft is less than 20kg However RP must ensure that any aircraft system can be safely operated in the context of the intended application, taking into account the applicable environmental conditions
76
What prep is needed before flight?
Plan flight from start to finish Identify hazards that are present and the risks those hazards present to your flight Mitigate the risk in some way
77
What is expected during flight operation?
Adopt 'See and Avoid' approach Scan airspace regularly Utilise oberver to help manage the flight and the environment Anticipate the unexpected Plan for the worst case scenario
78
What must be consider to determine if flight is Go/No Go?
UAS airworthiness Crew has been briefed Pilot fit and capable to execute operation Crew fit and capable to excute their tasks Present risks are ALARP Safe to operate in the airspace Anyone who is not under the control of the remote pilot is at the require distance for the UAS
79
What must the RP do after flight is completed?
Take note of the flight Record any incident or unexpected events Log the response and actions taken to any emergency
80
What parameters should RP be aware of during flight?
Distance Height Speed
81
Whart are Congested Areas?
Any area in relation to a city, town, or settlement which is substantially used for residential, industrial, business, or recreational purposes Without valid Operational Authorisation flying near a congested area you must stay 150m away With OA must maintain 50m away from people, vessels, vehicles, and structures not underconrol of the remote pilot
82
What must you consider before flying at night?
Does the aircraft have suitable lighting on it? Have you done a daytime risk assessment? Is the take-off/landing area suitably illuminated?
83
What is the Operational Volume?
Composed of the flight geography and the contingency volume
84
Whar are mitigtions for ground risks?
Ground risk buffer should be established to protect third parties on the ground Green area - Flight Geography Yellow area - Contingency volume (where we don't intend to fly but can be confident that univolved persons will not be present and ground hazrdds will be minimal) Red lines - outline the Ground Risk Buffer, the area between the operational volume and any adjacent areas
85
What are mitigations for air risks?
Air-risk buffer should be defines during planning phase Green and yellow shows the operational volume Pink area shows any mearby FRZ, the arrow depicts the Air Risk Buffer (distance to the hazard)
86
What must be recorded in a remote pilot logbook?
Unexpected events/emergencies and the response Time in flight for both aircraft and pilot flight times Having a detailed and up to date flight log can also help if applyig for an Operations Safety Case (OSC)
87
What is the I'M SAFE Mnemonic?
I - illness M - medication S - stress A - alcohol F - fatigue E - eating If this checklis cannot be completed, the pilot shoud not take off
88
What are blind spots?
Area outside of our field of view or, an area within our range of vision that is obscured, meaning that we cannot see properly
89
How do you mitigate the risks with blind spots?
RP check behind them after each manoeuvre Use crew to keep an eye on these areas
90
What is the Scan Technique?
To avoid fixation and maintain situational awareness, aspects to check would include the following: Check the UAS Check the airspace (including weather) Check ground space Check the telemetry/endurance (battery levels) Check your blind spot
91
What is the decision process during flight when observing risks?
Identify hazards Assess risks What are the controls Make control decision Use controls Monitor results
92
What scale OS map is used for planning UAS flight?
1:25,000 scale OS Maps give the greatest detail on ground hazards when planning
93
What are key things to look out for on an OS map?
Public rights of way/Bridleways Powerlines, masts, and other structures Leisure signs indication potential public use Contour lines Roads
93
What are key things to look out for on an OS map?
Public rights of way/Bridleways Powerlines, masts, and other structures Leisure signs indication potential public use Contour lines Roads
94
What is the London Helicopter Routes Aviation Chart?
Depicts current helicoper routes into and out of the London area, heliports, altitude limits, and reporting points Info on such low-level VFR helicopter route structures is provided in the Aeronautical Information PUblication (AIP_ and portrayed on Helicopter Route VFR charts
95
What are military low flying areas?
Low flying areas specified from the surface to 2000 ft Can notify the military low flying booking cell of our flight
96
What format is given when liaising with ATC about latitude and longitude?
DMS - Degrees, Minutes, Seconds Decimals
97
What are the factorss that affect UAS performance?
Air pressure Air temperature Humidity
98
What factors affect air density?
Altitude Time of day Location
99
What are METARs and whatdo they show?
Meteorological Aerodrome Report Snapshop of current weather conditions including: Wind speed and direction Visibility Weather Clouds Temperature Pressure
100
What are TAFs and what do they show?
Terminal Aerodrome Forecast Provide concise description of the upcoming: Wind Visibility Cloud Weather Conditions
101
What are cold fronts?
Symbolised as a blue line with triangles Cold air advancing and pushing underneath warmer air like a wedge Cold air is replacing warm air at the surface
102
What are warm fronts?
Symbolised as red line with semicircles Warm air is advancing and rising over cold air Warm air is replacing cooler air at the surface
103
What are occulded fronts?
Symbolised as a purple line with triangles and semicircles Occulded means hidden The cold front catches up with the warm front Warm air is lifeted from the surface and therefore hidden Thought to have characteristics of both warm and cold fronts
104
What are the effects of wind on UAS?
No wind: Airspeed = Ground Speed Headwind: Airspeed - Windspeed = Ground Speed Tailwind: Airspeed + Windspeed = Ground Speed
105
What are the three types of turbulance?
Mechanical - Caused by air moving over irregularly shaped surfaces, such as buildings or hills Thermal - Generated as air as the surface is heated to a higher temperature than the surrounding air and then ascend as thermals Shear - Caused by air moving in different directions at different levels
106
How does cold weather effect UAS?
Reduce battery life Icing on leading edges of props
106
How does cold weather effect UAS?
Reduce battery life Icing on leading edges of props
107
What factors effect visibility?
Fog Mist Sun
108
What is lift affected by?
Speed of rotor blade moving thorugh the air Size and profile of prop Air density
109
What is the best case condition for generating lift?
Dry cold winter morning near sea level Worst case conditions are in the middle of summer, high up in the mountains, in a tropical rain forest at midday
110
What is ground effect?
It is caused by a reduction in induced drag from rotor tip vortices, creating better lift efficiency
111
What is the vortex ring?
Occurs when rotor helicopters/drones descend vertically at speed The downwash from the tips of the rotor blades circles back over the top and is pulled through the rotor blades again Results in reduced lift and the UAS becomes unstable, which usually results in a crash
112
What key manoeuvre is used to avoid Vortex Ring?
Descend at an angle and if the Vortex Ring looks like it's taking hold, don't apply more power as this exacerbates the problem
112
What key manoeuvre is used to avoid Vortex Ring?
Descend at an angle and if the Vortex Ring looks like it's taking hold, don't apply more power as this exacerbates the problem
113
How is yaw counteracted in multi-rotors?
They have adjacent rotor blades spinning in the opposite direction but opposite rotor blades spinning in the same direction
114
What is ATTI mode?
Also known as ALT HOLD or Attitude mode When the drone has no GPS stabilisation, not connected to GPS satellites, and does not know its location The drone will still hold its altitude at this information
115
What is manual mode?
Similar to ATTI mode in the sense that it will not hold its position but it also will not hold its altitude
116
What are the two main components that make up a UAS?
Main Flight Control Processor - This is the brain of the UAS IMU - Provice data to stabilise the craft
117
How can RPs be proactive with any maintenance or damage that is impacting drones airworthiness?
Flight reference cards/pre-flight checklists Routine maintenance logs for the aircraft should be checked and up to date Where has the UAS been and who has flown it Look at number of flights or hours of service the drone has undertaken Software/firmware updates should be checked and updated before each flight
118
What pre-flight checks should be completed?
Compass calibrated? Are the props in a safe condition? Is everything secure? Any sign of damage? Battery, fully charged? Telemetry working? LEDs working and sequences correct? Multiple GPS fix? Correct flight mode selected?
119
What is geofencing?
Works by creating an invisible barrier around the location The coordinates for this barrier are stored on your device and when the aircraft coordinates match a restricted location it will not let you continue
120
What are operational limits?
Implementing height and distance limits on equiment
121
What happens if you arrive on-site and things are different?
The planning and risk assessment will need to be amended to reflect your findings If an accident was to occur, the CAA can demand to see your planning paperwork and risk assessments so you need to ensure they are correct for the location you had flown at
122
What should RPs do yo develop better situational awareness?
Doing pre-site and on-site survey
123
What should RPs look out for when it comes to airspace?
Type - is it controlled/uncontrolled Class - G, D, or a FRZ ATC - is permission required and what are their details? Any other air users in the vicinity?
124
What should RPs consider when encountering obstructions?
Type of obstruction Proximities Permissions - are they under the control of the remote pilot Will VLOS be effected
125
What should the brief to crew members include?
Times of flight Objectives to achieve Role and responsibilities Areas of conceWrn (access points, areas not under your control, etc) What to do in an emergency
126
What factors can effect how quickly the battery depletes?
Overall conditions of the batteries Temperature Wind speeds and direction How the flight is being performed - flying more aggressively will draw more power
127
What are some emergencies that can occur?
Loss of power Loss of control Loss of GPS Flyaway Fire Structural failure Pilot incapacitation Air incursions Ground incursions