GV101 Flashcards
What is modernisation theory where did it come from
As economies develop they tend toward democracy
Lipset (1960)
political man: the social basis of politics
What is the classic cultural theory where did it come from
Some cultures more suited for democeacy and eventually there will be a clash of civilisations
Huntington (1996)
The clash of civilisations and the remarking of the world order
In what book was the clash of civilisations debated and how?
Islamic culture and democracy testing “ clash of civilisation’s “ thesis
Norris and inglehart 2003
HOW
Found democracy support in these countries
What is cultural modernisation theory and where did it come from?
economic development does not directly cause democracy but economic development leads to change in cultural values eg. Belief in participation in civic duties this leads to democracy
Inglehart (1977) the silent revolution: changing values and political styles among western publics
What is the rational choice model who invented it ?
Downs (1957) in An economic theory of democracy
V=pB-C
Who built on the rational choice model?
Riker and ordershook 1963 in a theory of the calculus of voting
by adding +D
What is the strategic mobilisation hypothesis and who made it?
The idea some cleavage are more electorally pivotal than others. Small religious or ethnic minorities are rarely mobilised.
posner 2001
What is the cultural dissimilarity hypothesis?
The cultural similarities between groups determines their likelihood of being mobilised
Dunning and Harrison 2010
What is the Alford index?
Calculated by using
percentage of working class voters who voted left wing - % non wc people who voted left
What is the cleavage model? Where did it come from?
Lipset and Rokkan 1967
Parties formed and sustained of historic cleavages eg. Class cleavages parties appeal to certain groups and are policy office seeking so don’t compromise to win office.
What is the strategic actor
Model?
Downs 1957 in an economic theory of democracy
Parties are formed of like minded individuals and are elite organisations office seeking will compromise policy to get it
What is the threshold model?
KURAN 1989 in sparks and prairie fires: a theory of unanticipated political revolution
There’s a revolutionary threshold
Likely hood of running for office equation?
Likely hood of running for office
U=(BxP)-C downs 1957
What is veto player theory ?
Tsebelis 2002 in veto players how poltical institutions work
Veto player theory is a political science theory that explains how political change (especially policy change) is influenced by the number and type of actors who have the power to block it — these are called veto players.
What’s spacial model who created it ?
Downs 1957
Describes voters and candidates as caring along one or more axes where each axis represents an attribute of the candidate voters care about. Voters have an ideal point and prefer candidates closer to that point . Voters are modeled as having an ideal point in this space and preferring candidates closer to this point over those who are further away; these kinds of preferences are called single-peaked.
Median voter theorem?
Black 1948
“If individual preferences are single-peaked and voters choose between alternatives by majority rule, then the preferred position of the median voter will win against any other alternative in pairwise majority voting.”
Majoritarian model ?
Lijphart 1999 Patterns of Democracy: Government Forms and Performance in Thirty-Six Countries”
Lijphart: Majoritarian vs. Consensus Democracy
Majoritarian Model (Westminster)
• “Rule by the majority”
• Power concentrated (single-party gov’t)
• Executive dominance over legislature
• First Past the Post elections
• Unitary, centralized state
• Flexible constitution
• Suited for homogeneous societies
Consensus Model
• “Rule by as many as possible”
• Power shared (coalitions)
• Balance between branches
• Proportional Representation (PR)
• Federalism/decentralization
• Rigid constitution
• Suited for plural societies
What’s the sector model?
Comparative advantaged sectors and consumers support trade
What’s factor model
Sectors relying on abundant factors tend to support trade stolper Samuelson theorem
result in international trade theory that links trade to income distribution within countries.
Basic Idea:
• When a country opens up to international trade, the owners of the country’s abundant factor of production gain, while the owners of the scarce factor lose.
What is stolper Samuelson theorem
Stolpher and Samuelson 1941 in protection and real wages
When a country opens up to international trade, the price of the good that uses its abundant factor intensively will rise — and the real income of that abundant factor will increase, while the real income of the scarce factor will decrease.
Baldwin and Huber (2010)
In zambia chewa and tumbukas vote together as they are smaller in populaiotion than in malawi.But beyond politics marriage between chewas and tumbukas are frowned upon by 37.6% in malawi but only 6.1% in zambia. Generally ethnic fi==diversity and cnonflict may lead to lower foods orivision
What’s Duverger law
Political parties and their organisations and activity in the modern state 1954
Majoritarian systems make 2 party systems
Proportional systems make multiparty systems
Criticism: diverges logic only works at the constituency level - by cox 1997
What did Linz 1990 argue ?
In 1990, Linz published the influential essay “The Perils of Presidentialism” in the inaugural issue of the Journal of Democracy. In this work, he argued that presidential systems are more prone to democratic breakdowns than parliamentary systems. He highlighted structural issues such as dual legitimacy between the executive and legislature, fixed terms leading to rigidity, and the zero-sum nature of presidential elections, which can exacerbate political polarization.
