Gut Bugs Flashcards
Viral gastroenteritis can be caused by what viruses?
Rotavirus (most common)
Norovirus
Astrovirus
Enteric Adenovirus (under 2yo)
What is an exotoxin
secreted by microorganism and released into the environment then pre-formed toxin ingested in contaminated food. WATERY DIARRHEA - in 12 hrs of ingestion
- staphylococcus aureus
- bacillus cereus
- clostridium perfringens
- clostridium botulinum
most common food poisoning, caused by ingestion of picnic foods, potato salad, salad dressing, coleslaw
staphylococcus aureus
contaminated rice or beef have this toxin
bacillus cereus
inadequately pre-cooked and then reheated before served, beef products
clostridium perfringens
associated with improperly canned foods or smoked freshwater fish
clostridium botulinum
What are the phases of clostridium botulinum infx?
Ph 1. n/v/d
Ph 2. visual issues - diplopia, ptosis
Ph 3. neurological - weakness, dysphagia
what is an enterotoxin?
cytotoxin producing bacteria, specific for the mucus membrane of the intestine - impairing intestinal absorption, increasing secretion of water and electrolytes - causing watery diarrhea
- cholera and non-cholera vibrio
- enterotoxic e.coli (lasts 3-5 days)
- clostridium difficile - “C. Diff”
associated with fecal contaminated water or food (worldwide) in the US - most commonly associated with saltwater crabs and freshwater shrimp
cholera and non-cholera vibrio
50% of cases fatal
what is a major complication of C. diff?
Toxic Megacolon
pseudomembranous colitis
what is the travelers pathogen?
enterotoxic escherichia coli
profuse, watery diarrhea
overgrowth of intrinsic organisms (post antibiotic) or infection by external source (household pets)
clostridium difficile
- fever!
what is mucosal invasion?
ingested organism causes microscopic ulceration, bleeding, exudates and secretion of electrolytes and water
diarrhea may be watery or bloody
- salmonella
- campylobacter jejuni and fetus
- shigella
- enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli
which virus is the most common cause of infectious diarrhea worldwide
rotavirus
which virus has year round incidence in older children and adults
norovirus
infants and younger kiddos get this, generally in the winter time
astrovirus
enteric adenovirus
kids under 2 yo, year round, summer - fecal-oral
undercooked chicken or eggs, unpasteurized milk.. creates exudative diarrhea, bloody
salmonella
which bacteria is the most common cause of bloody diarrhea in the US
campylobacter jejuni or fetus
kiddos are typically infected with this bacteria, highly contagious.
shigella
this bacteria produces the Shiga toxin - follows ingestion of undercooked beef or unpasteurized milk. Can lead to HUS and TTP.
enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli
watery diarrhea that turns bloody within 24 hours.
This bug mimics appendicitis (RLQ pain, fever, vomiting)
yersinia enterocolitica
acute ileitis is caused by which bacteria
yersinia enterocolitica
Parasitic infections are which bugs?
giardia lamblia - acute or chronic
cryptosporidium parvum - immune compromised
which bug produces a celiac-like lesion that causes lactose intolerance and malabsorption
giardia lamblia
this travel associated bug causes ulcerations similar to IBD
entamoeba histolytica
fecal lactoferrin can help differentiate which conditions how?
differentiates IBD and IBS
High fecal lactoferrin indicates inflammation - IBD
Low fecal lactoferrin indicates - IBS
What are the 6 alarm features or red flags of IBS
- onset after age 50
- severe diarrhea (dehydration, electrolyte imbalances)
- nocturnal symptoms
- unintended weight loss
- hematochezia
- family history of GI disturbances
Rome III Criteria is…
for the diagnosis of IBS patients must have recurrent abdominal pain or discomfort at least 3 days/mo in the previous 3 months associated with two or more of the following:
- relieved by defecation
- onset with a change in frequency of stool
- onset with a change in the form or appearance of the stool
What are the fermentation gases associated with celiac disease? How are they tested?
hydrogen and methane
tested by glucose breath hydrogen and d-xylose breath test (methane)
Which test is best to detect lactose intolerance?
hydrogen breath test
lactose is administered after an overnight fast, after which expired air samples are collected before and at 30 minutes intervals for three hours to assess hydrogen gas concentration. rise greater than 20 ppm over baseline after lactose ingestion indicates lactase deficiency
Which antibodies are tested for in celiac disease?
- IgA EMA - serum IgA anti-endomysial antibodies
- tTG antibody - anti-transglutaminase
which antibody test is the recommended SINGLE serologic test for celiac disease screening in the primary care setting
tTG antibody
what is a zebra for chest pain, splenomegaly and seizures
whipple’s disease
