Guan Exam 2

Question 1

5 Constructs of SCT

Answer 1

1st concept SCT
Psychological Determinants of Behavior
-Outcome Expectation
-Self-Efficacy
-Collective Efficacy

2nd concept of SCT:
-Observational Learning
-Perceived Similarity leads to Modeling

3rd concept SCT
Environmental Determinants of Behavior
-Incentive Motivation
-Facilitation

4th concept of SCT:
-Self-Regulation

5th concept of SCT:
-Moral Disengagement

Question 2

FOUR SOURCES OF SELF-EFFICACY

Answer 2

-Mastery experience
-Vicarious experience
-Verbal persuasion
-Emotional arousal

Question 3

Two assumptions of stigma

Answer 3

-Stigma is socialized
-Stigma must be communicated.

Question 4

What is the model of stigma communication

Answer 4

• marks
• labeling
• responsibility
• peril

Question 5

Marks

Answer 5

Recognize members of a stigmatized group.
Concealment: Easily visible leads to greater stigmatization
*Disgust: More disgust = greater stigmatization
Can see it directly: Scar on face from disease, sores on arms, yellow teeth on smokers.

Question 6

Labeling

Answer 6

Considering the stigmatized group as a coherent, distinct entity.
“George has syphilis” vs “George is a syph boy”
“Cavers” vs “people infected with CAV”
Anger

Question 7

Responsibility

Answer 7

Making attributions about a person’s choice and control.
When a condition is out of someone’s control, empathy increases. This reduces stigma.
“What efforts have they made to get out of that group?”
“Does the patient have a choice?” “Does the person choose to own cats?” Anger

Question 8

Peril

Answer 8

Linking individuals to danger that threatens the community.
Danger- fear*- isolation
High Peril: CAV has no known cure and is often fatal. In some cases, cavers have shown paranoid delusions and aggression.
Low Peril: “CAV is easy to cure, rarely fatal, but may cause temporary, mild discomfort.”

Question 9

Four aspects of identification

Answer 9

-Empathic- Feel you share in the feelings of the character, you understand what they’re experiencing
-Cognitive – About thinking, sharing what they’re thinking
-Motivational* – share the goal of the character.
-Absorption – Loss of awareness/kind of overlaps transportation

Question 10

What is emotional appeal?

Answer 10

Emotional appeals are communication strategies used to alter people’s behaviors by inducing particular emotions.

Question 11

Six primary emotions

Answer 11

Happiness, Fear, Sadness, Anger, Disgust, Surprise

Question 12

A fear appeal message contains two components:

Answer 12

Threat Component: severity and susceptibility
Efficacy Component: self-efficacy and response efficacy

Question 13

Fear Control

Answer 13

when the perceived threat is high, low efficacy.
Want to minimize
Maladaptive coping

Question 14

Danger Control

Answer 14

When the perceived threat is high, people believe their efficacy is high also.
-Problem-focused coping (they’re proactive in doing something to protect themselves)

Want to maximize

Question 15

Anxiety:
Core Relational Theme

Answer 15

-“Facing an uncertain threat” Uncertainty

Question 16

Anxiety:
Action Tendency

Answer 16

-Avoidance or escape
-Information seeking

Question 17

Sadness:
Core relational theme:

Answer 17

“Having experienced an irrevocable loss

Question 18

Sadness Action Tendency:

Answer 18

-Inaction
-Withdrawal into oneself

Question 19

Guilt:
Core Relational Theme:

Answer 19

-“Having transgressed a moral imperative

Question 20

Guilt Action Tendency:

Answer 20

-Atone or compensate for the harm
-Seek punishment
-Deny

Question 21

Disgust:
Core relational theme:

Answer 21

Taking or being too close to an indigestible object or idea
-Based on distaste

Question 22

Disgust AT:

Answer 22

-Strong impulse to avoid contact
-Vomiting

Question 23

Hope:
CRT:

Answer 23

“Fearing the worst but yearning for better.”

Question 24

Hope AT:

Answer 24

-Move forward or approach
-Remain vigilant

Question 25

Relief:
CRT:

Answer 25

“A distressing, goal incongruent condition has changed for the better or goes away.”

Question 26

Relief AT:

Answer 26

None

Question 27

Happiness/Joy:
CRT:

Answer 27

“Making reasonable progress toward the realization of a goal.”

Question 28

Happiness/Joy AT:

Answer 28

-Expansiveness
-Share positive outcomes and approach others

Question 29

grain-framed message

Answer 29

emphasizes the positive outcomes of adopting an advocated behavior

Question 30

loss-framed message

Answer 30

emphasizes the negative outcomes of non-adoption

Question 31

present-framed message

Answer 31

emphasizes the immediate outcomes of adopting an advocated behavior.

Question 32

future-framed message

Answer 32

emphasizes the future outcomes of adopting an advocated behavior.

Question 33

• Threat agency

Answer 33

Health threat is the active agent responsible for the consequences
o E.g. - the virus is likely to prey on more people in the coming days”
Active agent is the virus (not in our control which leads to greater threat)

Less controllable —> greater perceived threat

Question 34

• Human agency

Answer 34

humans are the active agent responsible for the consequences
E.g. - more people are likely to contract the virus in the coming days

More controllable - less perceived threat

Question 35

Reference Point

Answer 35

• Self Reference - focuses on message receivers themselves
  -Ultimately this will most certainly benefit you
• Other reference - focuses on people around the message recievers
  -Ultimately this will most certainly benefit your family, friends, & community