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Question 1

1. Which of the following concepts guided both the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution?
   a. Exclusionary rule
   b. Limited government
   c. Checks and balances
   d. State supremacy
   e. Direct democracy

Answer 1

b

Question 2

2. Compared to government under the Articles of Confederation, the Constitution
   I- can more easily be amended
   II- created a federal republic
   III- called for separation of powers among three branches of government
   IV- created a league of friendship among the states

    a. I only
    b. I and III only
    c. II and IV only
    d. I, II, and III only I, II, III, and IV

Answer 2

b

Question 3

3. The Constitution, as originally ratified, addressed all of the following weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation EXCEPT the
   a. lack of a chief executive office
   b. national government’s inability to levy taxes effectively
   c. absence of a central authority to regulate interstate trade
   d. insufficiency of the government’s power to raise an army
   e. a clause which guaranteed the right to vote

Answer 3

e

Question 4

Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union

Answer 4

a governing document that created a union of thirteen sovereign states in which the states, not the union, were supreme.

Question 5

unicameral

Answer 5

a one-house legislature.

Question 6

Shays’ Rebellion

Answer 6

a popular uprising against the government of Massachusetts.

Question 7

Notable absent from the Articles of Confederation was an ability to compel _______________ which left the military woefully unfunded

Answer 7

tax

Question 8

Amending the Articles of Confederation required ________________ agreement by all states–this required the framers to scrap the Articles and write an entirely new document called the Constitution

Answer 8

unanimous

Question 9

Rather than a more democratic allocation of political power, the Congress under the Articles gave _______ vote to each state.

Answer 9

1

Question 10

1. In the early part of the twenty-first century, public opinion polls showed that a majority of Americans believed it should be illegal to burn the American flag. As a result, many members of Congress introduced amendments to make it illegal to burn or desecrate the American flag. However, these efforts have been unsuccessful. Which of the following statements best explains why these efforts have been unsuccessful?a. Congress and the states have agreed to add this amendment; however, recent presidents have refused to sign it.
   b. The framers made the amendment process difficult in order to protect individual rights.
   c. The Supreme Court has stated such an amendment is unconstitutional, thus blocking its ratification. The Supreme Court has stated such an amendment is unconstitutional, thus blocking its ratification.
   d. The framers specifically wrote the amendment process to prevent using it to limit freedom of expression.

Answer 10

a

Question 11

2. Throughout most of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, most African Americans were prevented from voting in many Southern states despite the Fifteenth Amendment, which extended the right to vote to African American males. Southern states were able to take this action because
   a. the Fifteenth Amendment did not apply to all states the Fifteenth Amendment did not apply to all states
   b. Congress passed legislation that restricted the application of the Fifteenth Amendment to placate Southerners
   c. the framers allowed the individual states to create voting processes and voter qualifications
   d. the Supreme Court had declared the Fifteenth Amendment unconstitutional

Answer 11

c

Question 12

3. All of the following are reasons that smaller states have more political power than larger states EXCEPT:
   a. more attention for their issues in the media
   b. equal representation in the Senate to larger states.
   c. greater weight in the Electoral College
   d. each state has one vote in the House of Representatives if no candidate receives an Electoral College majority.
   e. many Senator from smaller states do not face strong challengers in bid for reelection and therefore, by returning session after session

Answer 12

a

Question 13

Constitutional Convention

Answer 13

a meeting attended by state delegates in 1787 to fix the Articles of Confederation.

Question 14

writ of habeas corpus

Answer 14

the right of people detained by the government to know the charges against them.

Question 15

bills of attainder

Answer 15

: when the legislature declares someone guilty without a trial.

Question 16

ex post facto laws

Answer 16

laws punishing people for acts that were not crimes at the time they were committed.

Question 17

Virginia Plan

Answer 17

a plan of government calling for a three-branch government with a bicameral legislature, where more populous states would have more representation in Congress.

Question 18

New Jersey Plan

Answer 18

a plan of government that provided for a unicameral legislature with equal votes for each states.

Question 19

bicameral

Answer 19

a two-house legislature.

Question 20

Great (Connecticut) Compromise

Answer 20

an agreement for a plan of government that drew upon both the Virginia and New Jersey Plans; it settled issues of state representation by calling for a bicameral legislature with a House of Representatives apportioned proportionately and a Senate apportioned equally.

Question 21

Three-Fifths Compromise

Answer 21

an agreement reached by delegates at the Constitutional Convention that a slave would count as three-fifths of a person in calculating a state’s representation.

Question 22

It was a proposal that would weaken the power of states and strengthen the power of national majority. _______________

Answer 22

Virginia Plan

Question 23

Each state would be given equal representation in the _______________ according to the Great Compromise

Answer 23

Senate

Question 24

Since the present was not a feature of the Articles of Confederation, there was no person or office to ______________ the laws passed by Congress.

Answer 24

execute/enforce/enact

Question 25

The States have the power to select the President through the ______________________

Answer 25

Electoral college

Question 26

Amending the Articles required every state; Amending the Constitution requires the ratification of the legislatures of _________ of the states

Answer 26

3/4ths

Question 27

To protect from unjust laws, the framers of the Constitution believed that the judiciary would have the power of ______________

Answer 27

Judicial Review

Question 28

1. What is the primary role of the judiciary in the context of the separation of powers? a. Enforcing laws and implementing policies b. Creating new laws and regulations c. Interpreting and applying the law impartially Proposing amendments to the Constitution

Answer 28

c

Question 29

2. What term is used to describe the specific powers granted to the United States Congress by the Constitution, outlining its authority to legislate on particular matters? a. Implied powers b. Reserved powers c. Enumerated powers d. Executive powers

Answer 29

c

Question 30

3. What is the primary responsibility of the President of the United States in their role as the Chief Executive? a. Crafting and passing legislation b. Providing policy leadership to the heads of the major departments like the Department of Defense, Department of State, and Department of the Treasury c. Serving as the head of state for ceremonial functions Representing the country in foreign affairs and diplomacy

Answer 30

b

Question 31

separation of powers

Answer 31

a design of government that distributes powers across institutions in order to avoid making one branch too powerful on its own.

Question 32

checks and balances

Answer 32

a design of government in which each branch has powers that can prevent the other branches from making policy. federalism: the sharing of power between the national government and the states.

Question 33

legislative branch

Answer 33

the institution responsible for making laws. expressed or enumerated powers: authority specifically granted to a branch of the government in the Constitution.

Question 34

necessary and proper or elastic clause

Answer 34

language in Article I, Section 8 granting Congress the powers necessary to carry out its enumerated powers.

Question 35

implied powers:

Answer 35

authority of the federal government that goes beyond its expressed powers.

Question 36

executive branch

Answer 36

the institution responsible for carrying out laws passed by the legislative branch.

Question 37

judicial branch

Answer 37

the institution responsible for hearing and deciding cases through the federal courts.

Question 38

supremacy clause:

Answer 38

constitutional provision declaring that the Constitution and all federal laws and treaties are the supreme law of the land.

Question 39

The Congress is composed of ____________ and the _____________.

Answer 39

house; senate

Question 40

The Commerce Clause is an example of an _______________________ power

Answer 40

enumerated

Question 41

Implied powers can be found in the _________________________ clause

Answer 41

elastic

Question 42

The States have the power to select the President through the

Answer 42

electoral college

Question 43

Amending the Articles required every state; Amending the Constitution requires the ratification of the legislatures of _________ of the states

Answer 43

3/4ths

Question 44

To protect from unjust laws, the framers of the Constitution believed that the judiciary would have the power of ______________

Answer 44

judicial review

Question 45

1. In The Federalist 10, James Madison argued that the new constitution would help control faction by doing which of the following? a. By creating a large republic, the new constitution made it less likely that a faction could gain enough power to completely dominate. b. The new constitution had significant limits on the freedom of expression, thereby limiting the ability of factions to organize. c. The new constitution gave political parties specific powers in the government which limited their influence. The use of the electoral college and the indirect election of senators would limit the influence that factions could wield.

Answer 45

a

Question 46

2. Brutus was an example of an Anti-Federalist because he a. believed a centralized government posed a major threat to individual rights b. argued that a national military force was needed to deal with insurrections c. argued that the laws passed by the national government were supreme over state laws d. believed that compromise between the branches of government would ensure a limited government

Answer 46

a

Question 47

3. In the Federalist Papers, James Madison expressed the view that political factions in a republic are: a. A more serious threat if the republic is large b. natural but controllable by institutions c. not likely to occur if people are honest d. prevented by majority rule prevented by free elections

Answer 47

b

Question 48

Federalists

Answer 48

supporters of the proposed Constitution, who called for a strong national government.

Question 49

Antifederalists

Answer 49

those opposed to the proposed Constitution, who favored stronger state governments.

Question 50

Federalist Papers

Answer 50

a series of eighty-five essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay and published between 1787 and 1788 that lay out the theory behind the Constitution.

Question 51

Federalist No. 51

Answer 51

an essay in which Madison argues that separation of powers and federalism will prevent tyranny.

Question 52

faction

Answer 52

a group of self-interested people who use the government to get what they want, trampling the rights of others in the process.

Question 53

Federalist No. 10

Answer 53

an essay in which Madison argues that the dangers of faction can be mitigated by a large republic and republican government.

Question 54

Brutus No. 1

Answer 54

an Antifederalist Paper arguing that the country was too large to be governed as a republic and that the Constitution gave too much power to the national government.

Question 55

In Federalist #10, Madison primarily warned against the desires and action of _______________

Answer 55

factions

Question 56

In Federalist #10, Madison says that the dangers of factions can be mitigated. The U.S. Constitution achieves this mitigation effectively. What is one feature of the U.S. Constitution that mitigates the dangers of factions?

Answer 56

it's large/republican

Question 57

To Robert Yates in Brutus I, the primary danger to the rights of the people could be found in the Constitution concentration of power in ___________

Answer 57

a central government

Question 58

In Federalist #51, Madison argues that the concentration of power in the central government will not become abusive because of safeguards in the Constitution. One safeguard is ___________

Answer 58

checks and balances; seperation of powers; division of the congress

Question 59

1. In The Federalist 10, James Madison argued that the new constitution would help control faction by doing which of the following? a. By creating a large republic, the new constitution made it less likely that a faction could gain enough power to completely dominate. b. The new constitution had significant limits on the freedom of expression, thereby limiting the ability of factions to organize. c. The new constitution gave political parties specific powers in the government which limited their influence. d. The use of the electoral college and the indirect election of senators would limit the influence that factions could wield.

Answer 59

a

Question 60

2. Brutus was an example of an Anti-Federalist because he a. believed a centralized government posed a major threat to individual rights b. argued that a national military force was needed to deal with insurrections c. argued that the laws passed by the national government were supreme over state laws d. believed that compromise between the branches of government would ensure a limited government

Answer 60

a

Question 61

3. In the Federalist Papers, James Madison expressed the view that political factions in a republic are: a. A more serious threat if the republic is large b. natural but controllable by institutions c. not likely to occur if people are honest d. prevented by majority rule e. prevented by free elections

Answer 61

b

Question 62

1) What system of government divides authority between the national government and state governments? a) Unitary system b) Confederal system c) Federal system d) Centralized system

Answer 62

c

Question 63

2) Which of the following is an example of a confederal system as mentioned in the text? a) The United States under the Constitution b) The United Kingdom c) Switzerland d) The United States under the Articles of Confederation

Answer 63

d

Question 64

3) What term is used for powers granted to the national government in the Constitution, such as the power to coin money and declare war? a) Implied powers b) Shared powers c) Enumerated powers d) Devolved powers

Answer 64

c

Question 65

unitary system

Answer 65

a system where the central government has all of the power over subnational governments.

Question 66

confederal system

Answer 66

a system where the subnational governments have most of the power.

Question 67

federal system

Answer 67

a system where power is divided between the national and state governments.

Question 68

enumerated or expressed powers

Answer 68

powers explicitly granted to the national government through the Constitution.

Question 69

exclusive powers

Answer 69

powers only the national government may exercise.

Question 70

implied powers

Answer 70

powers not granted specifically to the national government but considered necessary to carry out the enumerated powers.

Question 71

necessary and proper clause

Answer 71

grants the federal government the authority to pass laws required to carry out its enumerated powers. Also called the elastic clause.

Question 72

reserved powers:

Answer 72

powers not given to the national government, which are retained by the states and the people.

Question 73

"Under the Necessary and Proper Clause, Congress can make laws to carry out its enumerated powers, even if those powers are not explicitly stated in the Constitution. This clause is also known as the _______________

Answer 73

elastic clause

Question 74

1) What is the primary purpose of the Tenth Amendment? a. To assign all powers to the federal government b. To ensure that states have no authority over their own affairs c. To protect states' reserved powers not explicitly assigned to the federal government d. To limit the power of state governments in favor of the federal government

Answer 74

c

Question 75

2) According to the supremacy clause, what is the status of federal laws in relation to state laws? a. Federal laws have no authority over state laws b. State laws take precedence over federal laws c. Federal laws are the supreme law of the land and must be followed by states d. States have the final say about which federal laws apply within their borders

Answer 75

c

Question 76

3) In the case of McCulloch v. Maryland, Chief Justice John Marshall argued that Congress could charter a national bank because: a. The Constitution explicitly authorized it b. The bank was necessary for regulating state banks c. The necessary and proper clause granted Congress the authority to establish means appropriate for fulfilling constitutional ends d. The states had requested the establishment of a national bank

Answer 76

c

Question 77

4) Which constitutional clause grants Congress the authority to legislate as necessary for carrying out its constitutionally granted powers, including the establishment of a national bank? a. The commerce clause b. The taxing and spending clause c. The necessary and proper clause (elastic clause) d. The supremacy clause

Answer 77

c

Question 78

5) What is the primary power granted to Congress by the commerce clause? a. The power to define productive activities as commerce b. The power to regulate all forms of commercial activity c. The power to regulate commerce only with foreign nations d. The power to regulate commerce among the several states and with Indian tribes

Answer 78

d

Question 79

6) What does the 14th Amendment primarily prohibit the states from doing? a. Denying citizens access to state benefits b. Denying citizens the rights granted by the Constitution c. Denying citizens the right to vote d. Denying citizens the right to own property

Answer 79

b

Question 80

7) Which phrase from the 14th Amendment has been used to advocate for changes in state laws and provide federal protections against state discrimination? a. "Due process of law" b. "Rights to which they are entitled" c. "Equal protection of the laws" d. "Ratification in 1868"

Answer 80

c

Question 81

8) The decision in United States v. Lopez (1995) reflected new ideas about federalism at the time that can be best characterized by which of the following? a. A consolidation of power in the national government based on national supremacy b. A delegation of power from the federal government to state governments, increasing state and local sovereignty c. A delegation of power from the state governments to the federal government, increasing the power of the United States government d. An increase in cooperative federalism, where power and duties are shared between the federal and state governments

Answer 81

b

Question 82

9) The decision in United States v. Lopez (1995) reflected new ideas about federalism at the time that can be best characterized by which of the following? a. A consolidation of power in the national government based on national supremacy b. A delegation of power from the federal government to state governments, increasing state and local sovereignty c. A delegation of power from the state governments to the federal government, increasing the power of the United States government d. An increase in cooperative federalism, where power and duties are shared between the federal and state governments

Answer 82

b

Question 83

10) Which of the following is a key concept of federalism? a. Federalism is based on a unitary form of government, b. State constitutions may override the national constitution in certain matters. c. The line between national and state powers is often unclear and flexible. d. In the federal system, state governments cannot exercise any powers other than those delegated to them in the U.S. Constitution.

Answer 83

c

Question 84

Tenth Amendment

Answer 84

reserves powers not delegated to the national government to the states and the people; the basis of federalism.

Question 85

reserved powers

Answer 85

powers not given to the national government, which are retained by the states and the people.

Question 86

implied powers

Answer 86

powers not granted specifically to the national government but considered necessary to carry out the enumerated powers.

Question 87

necessary and proper clause

Answer 87

grants the federal government the authority to pass laws required to carry out its enumerated powers. Also called the elastic clause.

Question 88

commerce clause

Answer 88

grants Congress the authority to regulate interstate business and commercial activity.

Question 89

McCulloch v. Maryland

Answer 89

landmark Supreme Court case in 1819 that established the supremacy of federal law over state law and affirmed the doctrine of implied powers, allowing Congress to take actions not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution if they are necessary and proper to fulfill its enumerated powers. Chief Justice John Marshall's decision in this case emphasized a strong federal government and its authority to create institutions like a national bank.

Question 90

Gibbons v. Ogden

Answer 90

ivotal Supreme Court case in 1824 that broadly defined the scope of interstate commerce, granting Congress significant regulatory authority over a wide range of commercial activities. The case reaffirmed the federal government's supremacy in regulating commerce among the states and expanded the interpretation of the Commerce Clause in the United States Constitution.

Question 91

13th Amendment

Answer 91

ratified in 1865, abolished slavery and involuntary servitude in the United States.

Question 92

14th Amendment:

Answer 92

ratified in 1868, guarantees equal protection of the laws and prohibits the states from denying citizens the rights granted by the Constitution, due process of law, or equal protection

Question 93

15th Amendment

Answer 93

ratified in 1870, prohibits the denial of voting rights to U.S. citizens based on their race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

Question 94

1. Which of the following forms of financial aid from the national government gives the states the broadest discretion in the spending of money? a. Categorical grants-in-aid b. Foreign aid c. Unfunded mandates d. Block grants

Answer 94

d

Question 95

2. Which of the following is a consequence of having concurrent powers within a federal system of government? a. The executive branch can expand its control of the policy agenda. b. States can pass laws that override the laws of the federal government. c. Citizens and interest groups seeking policy change can choose from multiple access points. Members of Congress can cultivate close relationships with power brokers in their regions.

Answer 95

c

Question 96

dual federalism

Answer 96

a form of American federalism in which the states and the national government operate independently in their own areas of public policy.

Question 97

cooperative federalism

Answer 97

a form of American federalism in which the states and the national government work together to shape public policy.

Question 98

The state prefer _____________ grants

Answer 98

block

Question 99

The type of aid with the most "ropes attached" is __________________

Answer 99

categorical grants

Question 100

The event in history that resulted in the greatest change in the relationships between state and federal government.

Answer 100

New Deal