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Exam 4 Pathophysiology > GU & Renal Disorders > Flashcards

GU & Renal Disorders Flashcards

1
Q
  • Affects younger men; painless mass
  • Cryptorchidism- Undescended testicles
  • High cure rates (Caugh early)
    What is this cancer?
A

Testicular Cancer

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2
Q
  • Proliferation of prostate tissue (Men over >50)
  • Compresses urethra
  • Urine backs up -> hydronephrosis, postrenal AFR
    “Enlarged prostate”
A

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

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3
Q

(S/s): Urgency, weak flow, slow to-start flow, urinary retention
- Elevated PSA

A

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

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4
Q
  • Diet high in saturated fat
  • High testosterone
  • Family history (African Americans)
    Causes what type of cancer?
A

Prostate Cancer

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5
Q
  • High Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
  • Enlarged prostate on rectal exam
    Dx for what two prostate problems?
A
  • Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
  • Prostate cancer
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6
Q
  • Inflammation
  • Discomfort in penis
  • Dysuria (occasionally a discharge)
A

Urethritis

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7
Q
  • Inflammation/ infection of prostate
    (S/s): urgency, delay in urine flow, decrease in flow of urine, urine retention
A

Prostatitis

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8
Q

Urethritis & Prostatitis are most caused by what?

A

(STIs)
- Chlamydia
- Gonorrhea

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9
Q
  • Menstruation more painful, frequent, larger in bleeding volume than normal
    (Caused by): Hormonal disturbance
A

Dysmenorrhea

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10
Q

No periods (Menses)
(Causes): Anorexia, over-exercising
- Associated with hormonal disturbances
- Hallmark of menopause

A

Amernorrhea

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11
Q
  • Ectopic
  • Endometrium in the pelvis ( Proliferating & bleeding where it implants itself)
    (Cause): Retrograde menstruation
    (S/s): dyspareunia (pain during intercourse), dysmenorrhea
A

Endometriosis

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12
Q

Tx for Endometriosis

A

Hormonal therapy &/or Surgery

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13
Q

Vague
(S/s): Bloat, abdominal discomfort, constipation (Not dx until it has metastasized to areas such as the liver)
(Metastasizes intra-abdominally S/s): Pain ascites, dyspepsia, vomiting, alteration in bowel movements

A

Ovarian Cancer

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14
Q

Infection of uterus, fallopian tubes (Salpingitis) or ovaries (Oopheritis)
(Causes): STI (Chlamydia infecting & inflaming cervix)

A

Pelvic inflammatory disease

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15
Q

(S/s): Vaginal discharge, pelvic pain worsens with movement

A

Pelvic Inflammatory disease

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16
Q

Tx for PID

A
  • Antibx
  • Pain killers
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17
Q

(S/s):
- Dysuria (Pain on urination)
- Frequency & urgency of urination
- Hematuria
- Pyuria
- Abdominal & back pain t costovertebral angle (Pyelonephritis)

A

Urinary Tract infection

18
Q

Dx by S/s of UTI

A
  • Urine analysis
  • Urine C&S
19
Q
  • Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, Syphilis, Herpes
A

Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI)

20
Q

(S/s):
- (Men): Inflammation, discomfort in the penis, Dysuria, occasionally a discharge
- (Women): PID

A

Chlamydia

21
Q
  • Bacterial infection of genital tract of men & Women
  • (Women): Asymptomatic or vaginal discharge, or bleeding, or pull PID
  • (Men): Purulent discharge from penis & Dysuria
A

Gonorrhea

22
Q

Chancres in primary stages (Lesions of skin)
- If not treated can lead to (Neurosyphilis, syphilitic aortitis)

A

Syphilis

23
Q

Invades lips & surrounding areas (Cold sores)
- Not considered an STI
- Passed by kissing

A

HSV-1

24
Q

Invades genital areas & spread to perineum & anus
- Considered an STI
(S/s): Fever, malaise during break-out episodes

A

HSV-2

25
Q

Serious sequela of any Urinary Obstructive Disorder is?

A

Hydronephrosis

26
Q

“Water on kidneys”
- Enlargement of & pressure in renal pelvis & calyces dye to patho accumulation of fluid
- Leads to malfunction of nephrons & subsequent renal failure

A

Hydronephrosis

27
Q

Caused by
- Kidney stones (Renal calculi or lithiasis); dehydration, problems with hyperuricemia (Gout), hypercalcemia disorders (Multiple myeloma)
- Male are 4x at risk

A

Hydronephrosis

28
Q

(S/s): Sudden onset colicky pain, hematuria

A

Hydronephrosis

29
Q

Tx for Hydronephrosis

A

Lithotripsy if stones is too large to pass

30
Q

Function of kidneys

A
  • Maintain fluid balance
  • Maintain metabolic functions
31
Q

(Causes)
- Congenital issues (PKD)
- Acquired nonrenal Dz (HTN, Diabetes, Atherosclerosis
- Autoimmune renal Dz (Glomerulnoephritis)

A

Chronic Kidney Disease

32
Q

What happens if the GFR decreases?

A

increase risk of accumulation of wastes & water in body

33
Q

Caused by
- Post infections GN (Post-strep autoimmune disorder) autoantibodies attach to glomerular membrane -> inflammation, leaky membrane (Proteins & RBCs) in urine
(S/s): Hematuria, hyperproteinuria, oliguria (Less GFR)

A

Glomerulonephritis

34
Q

Abrupt (Occurs over <48hrs) decrease in UO (GFR) or Serum Creatinine
(S/s): Acute oliguria &/or Acute jump in serum creatinine
(Causes): Infection, sepsis, trauma

A

Acute Kidney injury (AKI)

35
Q

Problem of blood flow to kidneys (Vessel problem - renal artery blockage or decreased cardiac output from a volume deficit due to bleeding, HF, sepsis)
(S/s): Oliguria, elevated serum creatinine (sCr)

A

Prerenal AKI

36
Q

Caused by Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) ischemia to nephron blood supple -> cells (casts) slough off into tubular canal & blocks urine flow -> retrograde pressure -> hydronephrosis -> ischemia, necrosis, malfunction
(S/s): Oliguria, elevated serum creatinine (sCr) + blood, protein, cast in urine

A

Intrarenal AKI

37
Q

Direct trauma to nephrons (Nephrotoxic drugs, toxic microbes, toxins, poisons)
- Tubular cells die they slough off into lumen of tubules -> cast formation -> tubular blockage & sluggish urine flow -> increase pressure on bowman’s capsule & glomerular capillaries -> reduced GFR
(S/s): Oliguria, decrease ability to excrete creatinine

A

Acute tubular necrosis

38
Q

Obstruction (Urethral obstruction: BPH in man or uterine prolapse in women) causes backup of urine into kidney (Hydronephrosis) that interferes w/ tubular function -> Intrarenal AKI &/or CKD
(S/s): Oliguria, elevated serum creatinine (sCr), obstruction

A

Postrenal AKI

39
Q

Tx for Prerenal AKI

A
  • IV fluids/ blood given
40
Q

If a patient has a low urine creatinine clearance what will the serum creatinine be?

A

Higher

41
Q

What do you measure to see if the kidneys are concentrating urine appropriately?

A

Specific Gravity

Exam 4 Pathophysiology (2 decks)

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