GU & Renal Disorders Flashcards
- Affects younger men; painless mass
- Cryptorchidism- Undescended testicles
- High cure rates (Caugh early)
What is this cancer?
Testicular Cancer
- Proliferation of prostate tissue (Men over >50)
- Compresses urethra
- Urine backs up -> hydronephrosis, postrenal AFR
“Enlarged prostate”
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
(S/s): Urgency, weak flow, slow to-start flow, urinary retention
- Elevated PSA
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
- Diet high in saturated fat
- High testosterone
- Family history (African Americans)
Causes what type of cancer?
Prostate Cancer
- High Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
- Enlarged prostate on rectal exam
Dx for what two prostate problems?
- Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
- Prostate cancer
- Inflammation
- Discomfort in penis
- Dysuria (occasionally a discharge)
Urethritis
- Inflammation/ infection of prostate
(S/s): urgency, delay in urine flow, decrease in flow of urine, urine retention
Prostatitis
Urethritis & Prostatitis are most caused by what?
(STIs)
- Chlamydia
- Gonorrhea
- Menstruation more painful, frequent, larger in bleeding volume than normal
(Caused by): Hormonal disturbance
Dysmenorrhea
No periods (Menses)
(Causes): Anorexia, over-exercising
- Associated with hormonal disturbances
- Hallmark of menopause
Amernorrhea
- Ectopic
- Endometrium in the pelvis ( Proliferating & bleeding where it implants itself)
(Cause): Retrograde menstruation
(S/s): dyspareunia (pain during intercourse), dysmenorrhea
Endometriosis
Tx for Endometriosis
Hormonal therapy &/or Surgery
Vague
(S/s): Bloat, abdominal discomfort, constipation (Not dx until it has metastasized to areas such as the liver)
(Metastasizes intra-abdominally S/s): Pain ascites, dyspepsia, vomiting, alteration in bowel movements
Ovarian Cancer
Infection of uterus, fallopian tubes (Salpingitis) or ovaries (Oopheritis)
(Causes): STI (Chlamydia infecting & inflaming cervix)
Pelvic inflammatory disease
(S/s): Vaginal discharge, pelvic pain worsens with movement
Pelvic Inflammatory disease
Tx for PID
- Antibx
- Pain killers
(S/s):
- Dysuria (Pain on urination)
- Frequency & urgency of urination
- Hematuria
- Pyuria
- Abdominal & back pain t costovertebral angle (Pyelonephritis)
Urinary Tract infection
Dx by S/s of UTI
- Urine analysis
- Urine C&S
- Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, Syphilis, Herpes
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI)
(S/s):
- (Men): Inflammation, discomfort in the penis, Dysuria, occasionally a discharge
- (Women): PID
Chlamydia
- Bacterial infection of genital tract of men & Women
- (Women): Asymptomatic or vaginal discharge, or bleeding, or pull PID
- (Men): Purulent discharge from penis & Dysuria
Gonorrhea
Chancres in primary stages (Lesions of skin)
- If not treated can lead to (Neurosyphilis, syphilitic aortitis)
Syphilis
Invades lips & surrounding areas (Cold sores)
- Not considered an STI
- Passed by kissing
HSV-1
Invades genital areas & spread to perineum & anus
- Considered an STI
(S/s): Fever, malaise during break-out episodes
HSV-2
Serious sequela of any Urinary Obstructive Disorder is?
Hydronephrosis
“Water on kidneys”
- Enlargement of & pressure in renal pelvis & calyces dye to patho accumulation of fluid
- Leads to malfunction of nephrons & subsequent renal failure
Hydronephrosis
Caused by
- Kidney stones (Renal calculi or lithiasis); dehydration, problems with hyperuricemia (Gout), hypercalcemia disorders (Multiple myeloma)
- Male are 4x at risk
Hydronephrosis
(S/s): Sudden onset colicky pain, hematuria
Hydronephrosis
Tx for Hydronephrosis
Lithotripsy if stones is too large to pass
Function of kidneys
- Maintain fluid balance
- Maintain metabolic functions
(Causes)
- Congenital issues (PKD)
- Acquired nonrenal Dz (HTN, Diabetes, Atherosclerosis
- Autoimmune renal Dz (Glomerulnoephritis)
Chronic Kidney Disease
What happens if the GFR decreases?
increase risk of accumulation of wastes & water in body
Caused by
- Post infections GN (Post-strep autoimmune disorder) autoantibodies attach to glomerular membrane -> inflammation, leaky membrane (Proteins & RBCs) in urine
(S/s): Hematuria, hyperproteinuria, oliguria (Less GFR)
Glomerulonephritis
Abrupt (Occurs over <48hrs) decrease in UO (GFR) or Serum Creatinine
(S/s): Acute oliguria &/or Acute jump in serum creatinine
(Causes): Infection, sepsis, trauma
Acute Kidney injury (AKI)
Problem of blood flow to kidneys (Vessel problem - renal artery blockage or decreased cardiac output from a volume deficit due to bleeding, HF, sepsis)
(S/s): Oliguria, elevated serum creatinine (sCr)
Prerenal AKI
Caused by Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) ischemia to nephron blood supple -> cells (casts) slough off into tubular canal & blocks urine flow -> retrograde pressure -> hydronephrosis -> ischemia, necrosis, malfunction
(S/s): Oliguria, elevated serum creatinine (sCr) + blood, protein, cast in urine
Intrarenal AKI
Direct trauma to nephrons (Nephrotoxic drugs, toxic microbes, toxins, poisons)
- Tubular cells die they slough off into lumen of tubules -> cast formation -> tubular blockage & sluggish urine flow -> increase pressure on bowman’s capsule & glomerular capillaries -> reduced GFR
(S/s): Oliguria, decrease ability to excrete creatinine
Acute tubular necrosis
Obstruction (Urethral obstruction: BPH in man or uterine prolapse in women) causes backup of urine into kidney (Hydronephrosis) that interferes w/ tubular function -> Intrarenal AKI &/or CKD
(S/s): Oliguria, elevated serum creatinine (sCr), obstruction
Postrenal AKI
Tx for Prerenal AKI
- IV fluids/ blood given
If a patient has a low urine creatinine clearance what will the serum creatinine be?
Higher
What do you measure to see if the kidneys are concentrating urine appropriately?
Specific Gravity
