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GU 1 Flashcards

1
Q

MC site of obstruction for nephrolithiasis

A

ureterovesciular junction

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2
Q

MCC of nephrolithiasis

A

Inadequate Fluid Intake

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3
Q

What gender is more prone to nephrolithiasis?

A

Males

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4
Q

Meds predisposing to nephrolithiasis (4)

A

Loop diuretics
Acetazolamide
Antacids
Chemotherapy agents

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5
Q

MC nephrolithiasis stone

A

Calcium

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6
Q

4 types of nephrolithiasis stones

A
  1. Calcium
  2. Uric acid
  3. Struvite stones
  4. Cystine stones
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7
Q

Radiodense stones

A

Calcium

Struvite

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8
Q

Radiolucent stones

A

Uric acid

Cystine stones

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9
Q

persistently acidic urine can results in what type of stone?

A

uric acid

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10
Q

2nd MC nephrolithiasis stone

A

uric acid

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11
Q

nephrolithiasis stone type that is common in individuals with recurrent UTIs with urease-producing organisms

A

struvite stones

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12
Q

nephrolithiasis stones of alkaline urine

A

Struvite stones

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13
Q

nephrolithiasis stones with a genetic predisposition

A

cystine

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14
Q

Sudden onset of severe pain due to the stone moving through the ureter with obstruction and spasming is called

A

renal colic

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15
Q

Is N/V present in nephrolithiasis?

A

very common to have N/V

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16
Q

initial test for detection of stones that is often times skipped

A

kidney ureter bladder plain film test (KUB)

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17
Q

most useful test for defining degree and extent of urinary tract obstruction occurring in nephrolithiasis

A

intravenous pyelography (IVP)

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18
Q

radiology test that detects hydronephrosis or hydroureter that is not that helpful in visualization of a stone

A

renal u/s

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19
Q

Main thing to do when treating nephrolithiasis

A

IV fluids

severe pain management with opioids

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20
Q

ultrasound shock waves used to break up the stone in nephrolithiasis

A

extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy

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21
Q

Fluids that can help prevent nephrolithiasis

A

real, natural lemonade

lotsa fluids

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22
Q

Diet modifications for nephrolithiasis

A

limit animal protein in hyperuricosuria patients

limit calcium intake in those that form calcium stones

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23
Q

med treatments for nephrolithiasis

A

thiazides reduce urinary calcium

allopurinol reduces uric acid in urine

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24
Q

Acute cystitis is MC in what gender

A

females

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25
Q

MC acute cystitis pathogen in children

A

E. coli

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26
Q

MC acute cystitis pathogen in sexually active young adults

A

C. trachomatis

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27
Q

MC acute cystitis pathogen in very young females learning to wipe

A

Enterococcus

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28
Q

Organism that is a common cause of acute cystitis that you should remember

A

Staphylococcus saprophyticus

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29
Q

What patients do you need blood cultures in with acute cystitis?

A

urosepsis patients

elderly patients

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30
Q

What common pharm agent is used as a first line in acute cystitis but is not to be selected if you suspect a possible pyelo or is an early pyelo?

A

Nitrofurantoin

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31
Q

urine analgesic for cystitis

A

phenazopyridine - turns things ORANGE

32
Q

Do not use phenazopyridine in patients that have ____ allergies.

33
Q

Pregnant female acute cystitis pharm treatment

A

ampicillin
amoxicillin + CA
cephalosporins

34
Q

Treatment duration for pregnant females with acute cystitis

A

7 - 10 days

35
Q

Men with a UTI require what physical exam?

A

Digital Rectal Exam (DRE) to r/o prostatitis

36
Q

Warfarin patients with acute cystitis are treated with what pharmacology agents

A

PCN
Cephalosporoins
Doxy

AVOID: FQ, TMP/SMX

37
Q

Common complication of acute pyelonephritis

A

urosepsis and then onto septic shock

38
Q

Common complication of acute pyelonephritis in diabetic patients

A

Emphysematous pyelonephritis due to gas-producing bacteria

39
Q

GNR acute pyelonephritis treatment

A

TMP/SMX or FQ for 10 - 14 days

40
Q

GPC acute pyelonephritis treatment

A

Amoxicillin for S. saprophyticus

41
Q

How is treatment started in patients with acute pyelonephritis? (before you start them on a full regimen of ABX, you give this particular one time ABX to start)

A

Ceftriaxone or Gentamicin

42
Q

Severe complicated acute pyelonephritis

A

ampicillin and getamicin IV

OR

cipro IV

43
Q

interstitial cystitis is AKA

A

painful bladder syndrome

44
Q

commonly affected population group for interstitial cystitis

A

females
> 40
hx of bladder problems as a child

45
Q

Dx interstitial cystitis

A

painful filling of the bladder that is relieved with micturition

dx of exclusion

46
Q

damaged bladder transitional epithelium and vasculature that results in bleeding

A

hemorrhagic cystitis

47
Q

common viral causes of hemorrhagic cystitis

A

adenovirus (esp. in boys), influenza (immunocompromised)

48
Q

male incontinence is usually from

A

BPH or after prostate surgery

49
Q

MC incontinence in elderly

50
Q

MC incontinence in < 70

51
Q

Increased intraabdominal pressure results in _____ incontinence

52
Q

____ incontinence causing losses of large volumes of urine

53
Q

____ incontinence causing losses of spurts & small volume of urine

54
Q

____ incontinence causing frequent losses of small amounts of urine

55
Q

_____ incontinence that has a large volume of residual urine after voiding

56
Q

pharm agents for urge incontinence

A

anticholinergics - reduces the OAB

57
Q

pharm agents for stress incontinence

A

estrogen replacement

58
Q

pharm agents for overflow incontinence

A

cholinergic agents (increases bladder contractions to empty)

alpha adrenergics (decreases sphincter resistance)

59
Q

initial test of choice for urinary tract obstruction

60
Q

MC type of malignancy in GU

A

bladder carcinoma

61
Q

type that predominates in bladder carcinomas

A

transitional cell carcinomas

62
Q

definitive diagnostics of bladder carcinoma

A

cystoscopy & biopsy

63
Q

pharm agent that frequently causes hemorrhagic cystitis

A

cyclophosphamide

64
Q

chancroid disease is caused by…

A

Haemophilus ducreyi

65
Q

Differences between chancroids of H. ducreyi and syphilis chancre

A

H. ducreyi: soft, ragged edges that is painful with tender LAD

Syphilis: painless “punched out” indurated, raised borders that’s crater like

66
Q

school of fish gram staind

A

Chancroid (H. ducreyi)

67
Q

Painful chancroid + suppurative lymphadenopathy = pathognomonic for _____

A

Chancroid (H. ducreyi)

68
Q

painless, crater-like chancre (also described as “punched out”, indurated, raised borders, red/smooth base)

A

Syphilis primary stage

69
Q

4-8 weeks after chancre

Maculopapular rash on palms/soles

Conydlomata lata (moist lesions on genitals) HIGHLY contagious

A

Syphilis secondary stage

70
Q

positive serological tests with sx

A

Syphilis latent stage

71
Q

can occur anytime after primary infection

A

Syphilis tertiary stage

72
Q

small, irregular pupil that constricts normally to near accommodation but not to light

A

Argyll-roberson pupils of syphilis

73
Q

posterior column deterioration, leading to ataxia, areflexia, burning pain, weakness

A

tabes dorsalis of syphilis

74
Q

dementia, personality changes, HAs, meningitis, incontinence

A

neurosyphilis

75
Q

syphilitic aortitis with ascending AA

A

CV effects of syphilis

Genitourinary (5 decks)

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