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MoE > Grundlagen of energy and sustainability > Flashcards

Grundlagen of energy and sustainability Flashcards

1
Q

When is a source of energy defined as primary?

A

When it occurs IN NATURE and is not the result of the transformation of any other form of energy.

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2
Q

Name two types of primary energy sources.

A

renewables

fossil fuels

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3
Q

When is a source of energy defined as secondary (Secondary energy source)?

A

When it can be used only after a process of TRANSFORMATION, which entails a loss of available energy.

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4
Q

Name examples for secondary energy sources! (3)

A

Gasoline

Electricity

Hydrogen

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5
Q

Energy use / consumption refers to the use of any kind of primary or secondary energy in a final activity.

Name sectors with consumption!

A

Industry
Transport
Agriculture
Buildings (e.g., residential, tertiary)

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6
Q

The term “renewable” only applies to an energy source grown and replaced at a rate at least equal to the rate at which it is used.

A

…

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7
Q

Primary energy sources can be divided in?

A

Non Renewable

Renewable

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8
Q

Name non renewable primary energy sources! (2)

A

Fossil fuels

Nuclear Power

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9
Q

Wie können Fossil fuels unterteilt werden?

A
  • Coal
  • Hydrocarbons
    –> Oil
    –> Natural Gas
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10
Q

Name renewable primary energy sources! (5)

A

Hydroelectric

Wind

Biomass

Solar

Geothermal

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11
Q

Wie kann Biomass weiter unterteilt werden? (3)

A

Solid and Waste

Liquid

Biogas

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12
Q

Wie kann Solar unterteilt werden? (2)

A

Thermal

Photovoltaic

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13
Q

World primary energy consumption

Progressive growth of primary energy consumption worldwide.

In 2020, primary energy consumption decreased by 4,5% compared to 2019 (the first decline in energy consumption since 2009 and the largest one since 1945)

Recovery in 2021 and 2022: 2022 saw a 1% increase in total primary energy consumption taking it to around 3% above the 2019 pre-COVID level.

-> Folie 7 ansehen

A

…

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14
Q

World primary energy consumption

Primary energy in 2022 was 16.6 EJ above 2019 pre-COVID levels, with consumption increasing in all regions except for Europe (-3,8%) and CIS (-5,8%)

Primary energy consumption in non-OECD countries increased by 20.5 EJ compared to their 2019 pre-COVID levels, driven largely by growth in China (14,6 EJ) accounting for 72% of the increase.

The increase in primary energy supply between 2019 and 2022 was largely driven by renewable (exluding hydro) energy sources (13,5 EJ) and coal (10.6 EJ), with increased gas production (2.7 EJ) also evident..

A

…

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15
Q

Global primary energy consumption is mainly satisfied by?

A

fossil fuels (82%)

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16
Q

World primary energy consumption by fuels

?? continues to hold the largest share of the energy mix (32% in 2021)

A

Oil

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17
Q

World primary energy consumption by fuels

?? is the second largest fuel (27%), followed by ?? (23%)

A

Coal

natural gas

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18
Q

World primary energy consumption by fuels

The share of hydroelectricity has been rather flat in the last years (around 7%).

A

…

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19
Q

World primary energy consumption by fuels

Renewables (hydropower excluded) has overtaken nuclear (4%) and hydroelectricity, with a share equal to around 8%.

A

…

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20
Q

World primary energy consumption by fuels

Folie 9 ansehen!!

A

…

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21
Q

World primary energy consumption by fuels

Progressive (“slow!”) shift toward “cleaner” energy sources

Decrease of oil (in percentage and not in absolute terms), now used almost exclusively for ??

A

transport

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22
Q

World primary energy consumption by fuels

Growth of natural gas (heating, electricity generation, development of new technologies for the transportation of gas, i.e., liquified natural gas - LNG - and increasing role of shale gas).

A

…

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23
Q

World primary energy consumption by fuels

Stability of coal, heavily used in ?? for ??

A

developing countries (such as China)

for power generation

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24
Q

World primary energy consumption by fuels

Decreasing role of nuclear energy, with the future development programs stopped as a consequence of Fukushima accident.

Steep growth of non-hydro renewable energy sources (e.g. wind and solar

A

…

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25
Q

Regional energy consumption patterns

Growth of primary energy consumption worldwide has been mainly driven by whom?

A

developing countries (mainly Asian ones, e.g. China, India)

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26
Q

Regional energy consumption patterns

Growth of primary energy consumption mainly led by increasing prosperity (only partially offset by efficiency gains).

-> Folie 11 ansehen

A

…

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27
Q

Regional energy consumption patterns

A very different “energy mix” in the different regions worldwide.

?(1)? remains the dominant fuel in many regions, while ?(2)? dominates in CIS and the Middle East, accounting for more than half of the energy mix in both regions.

?(3)? is the domninant fuel in the Asia Pacific region.

A

(1) Oil

(2) natural gas

(3) coal

–> Folie 12

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28
Q

World primary energy consumption by sectors

-> Folie 13 ansehen!

A

…

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29
Q

World primary energy consumption by sectors

The most relevant sectors in terms of energy consumption are: ?? (3)

A

Transport (which includes energy used in road, marine, rail and aviation)

manufacturing (includes energy used in the industrial processes)

buildings (which includes energy used in residential and commercial buildings)

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30
Q

World final energy consumption

How can the final energy uses (e.g. the sum of consumption by the different end-use sectors) be calculated?

A

(
Secondary energy consumed by production facilites
+
efficiency losses from plants
+
losses from power distribution
+
other self-consumption
)

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31
Q

CO2 equivalent global emissions

Scientific evidence suggests that the dominant cause of climate change is the release of ??.

A

greenhouse gases (GHGs)

32
Q

CO2 equivalent global emissions

Due to increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in Earth’s atmosphere, the temperature rises because?

A

a greater quantity of solar heat remains trapped in the atmosphere.

33
Q

CO2 equivalent global emissions

-> Abb. Folie 15!

A

…

34
Q

CO2 equivalent global emissions

Reduction in greenhouse gases emissions are difficult to achieve due to some factors: ?? (2)

A

overcoming of national boundaries

visible outcome of corrective actions in the long-term

35
Q

CO2 equivalent global emissions

Greenhouse gases (GHGs) warm the Earth by what?

A

absorbing energy and slowing the rate at which the energy escapes to space

36
Q

Different Greenhouse gases (GHGs) can have different effects on the Earth’s warming, as a function of:

  • their ability to absorb energy (“radiative efficiency”)
  • how long they stay in the atmosphere (“lifetime”)
A

…

37
Q

The ?? was developed to allow comparisons of the global warming impacts of different gases.

A

Global Warming Potential (GWP)

38
Q

Global Warming Potential is a measure of what?

A

of how much energy the emissions of 1 ton of a gas will absorb over a given period of time, relative to the emissoins of 1 ton of carbon dioxide (CO2)

39
Q

What time period is usually used for Global Warming Potentials (GWPs)?

A

100 years

40
Q

Global warming potential of greenhouse gases over 100-year timescale
–> siehe Folie 16

A

…

41
Q

Carbon emissions from ?? are the largest source of GHG emissions.

A

energy use (siehe Folie 17)

42
Q

CO2 equivalent global emissions - regional overview

-> siehe Folie 18

A

…

43
Q

?? is the world’s largest emitter of greenhouse gases today

A

China

(it emits around twice as much as the United States, which is the second largest emitter)

–> This is followed by India, Indonesia, Russia

–> Very different figures if evaluated “per capita” !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

44
Q

Nearly half of the GHG emissions from energy use stem from energy used within ?(1)?, while the remainder is split roughly evenly between the ?(2)? and ?(3)? - including agriculture - sectors.

A

(1) industry

(2) transport

(3) buildings

45
Q

No sector can escape the need to dramatically reduce emissions.

Some of them (e.g. heavy industries such as iron&steel and cement) are areas where emissions are particularly “hard to abate”.

This is in large part because the technologies that will be relied upon to deliver deep reductions in emissions in these sectors (e.g., green hydrogen) are at comparatively early stages of development (large prototype and demonstration level today) and, therefore, not cost-competitive against established technologies.

A

…

46
Q

Energy dependency in Europe

Among the five Member States consuming the largest amounts of energy, the least dependent on energy imports were? (2)

A

United Kingdom (35,4%)

France (46,6%)

(In contrast to Germany (63,6%), Spain (73,3%), Italy (76,3%))

47
Q

Worldwide distribution of oil reserves and inter-area movements

highly concentrated supply (top 10 countries account to more than 85% of available reserves worldwide)

Geopolitical tensions related to areas of greatest reserves

–> Folie 22!!

A

…

48
Q

Natural gas: World production and consumption by region (billion cubic metres)

–> siehe Folie 23

A

…

49
Q

Natural gas: World production and consumption by region

A more “local” market, mainly due to what?

A

high upfront investment requirement for transport and distribution system

–> partially “disrupted” by emerging trends (e.g., liquefied natural gas - LNG)

50
Q

Name the “main goals” driving the main evolutionary trends in the energy sector!

A

Decarbonization

Energy Security

Energy Affordability

51
Q

Huge increase of energy prices as a result of Russo-Ukrainian war

siehe Folie 25

A

…

52
Q

Global energy demand continues to grow. Why?

A

increasing prosperity and living standards in developing countries.

53
Q

Global primary energy consumption is mainly satisfied by what?

A

fossil fuels, with a progressive (“slow!”) shift toward “cleaner” energy sources

54
Q

The world is on an unsustainable path: scientific evidence suggests that the dominant cause of climate change is?

A

the release of greenhouse gases (GHGs)
–> most of them being related to energy production and use.

55
Q

Solutions must be identified to manage the “energy trilemma”, thus enabling energy transition.

Woraus besteht das energy trilemma?

A

Environmental impacts

Energy Security

Affordibility

–> look at the energy trilemma auf Folie 27!!

56
Q

The main evolutionary trends in the energy sector (enabling ??)

A

“energy transition”

57
Q

Energy transition is: ?? (3)

A
  • a long-term change in energy systems
  • aimed at developing a secure, affordable and climate-friendly energy system
  • better able to manage and balance dynamic patterns of supply and demand
58
Q

GHG emissions from energy use: scenarios

Huge uncertainty in the scenarios to 2050, affected by: ?? (3)

A

technology development

policy initiatives

social acceptance

59
Q

GHG emissions from energy use: scenarios

Folie 30 ansehen !!!

A

…

60
Q

The ?? scenario posts a series of policy measures, led by a significant increase in carbon prices and supported by more-targeted sector specific measures.

A

“Accelerated” (beschleunigte)

61
Q

The ?? scenario assumes that the policy measures embodied in Rapid are both added to and reinforced by significant shifts in societal behaviour and preferences.

A

“Net Zero”

62
Q

The ?? Scenario assumes that government policies, technologies and social preferences continue to evolve in a manner and speed over the recent past.

A

“New momentum”

63
Q

Secondary (final) energy consumption: perspective trends

–> siehe Folie 31!

A

…

64
Q

Secondary (final) energy consumption: perspective trends

Total final consumption worldwide peaks in all three scenarios, as gains in energy efficiency accelerate, more than offsetting the upwards impact of increasing living standards across much of the emerging world.

The assumed increase in the pace of energy efficiency improvements in Accelerated and Net Zero is a central element in facilitating a rapid reduction of carbon emissions, without there would need to be even faster growth in low-carbon energy to achieve the same outcome (different “recipes” available)

A

…

65
Q

Secondary (final) energy consumption: perspective trends

Total final consumption decarbonizes as: ?? (2)

A

the direct use of fossil fuels declines:
(–> fossil fuels used decline from a share of around 65% in 2019 to 20-50% by 2050 across the three scenarios. Within hydrocarbons, the share of coal falls particularly sharply as the world increasingly shifts to the use of electricity and low-carbon hydrogen in industry, as does the share of oil, driven primarily by the falling use of oil in road transport.)

the world electrifies (electricity consumption increasing by around 75% by 2050) and the power sector is increasingly decarbonized

66
Q

Secondary (final) energy consumption: perspective trends

Folie 32 ansehen!

A

…

67
Q

The main trends enabling energy transition

What are the four main trends: ?? (4)

A

declining role for hydrocarbons

rapid expansion in renewables

increasing electrification

growing use of low-carbon hydrogen

68
Q

A transition to a low (up to zero) carbon energy system is likely to require what?

A
  • policy measures
    –> reinforced by a shift in societal behaviours and preferences
  • technology development
69
Q

Expected paths:

Demand for oil will fall over the next 30 years, driven by? (2)

A

incresing efficiency

electrification of road transportation

70
Q

Interesting outlook for natural gas, underpinned by its role in supporting fast growing developing economies as they decarbonize and reduce their reliance on oil, and as a source of near-zero carbon energy if combined with what?

A

carbon capture use and storage (CCUS)

71
Q

The use of ?(1)? increases as the energy system progressively decarbonizes, carrying energy to activities which are difficult or costly to electrify (so called ?(2)? sectors)

A

(1) hydrogen

(2) “hard-to-abate”

72
Q

Opportunities and challenges for companies in the oil&gas value chain

Opportunities and challenges for companies in the electricity value chain

New “smart ecosystems” are emerging, supported by emerging business models

A

…

73
Q

A transition to a low (up to zero) carbon energy system is likely to require ?(1)?, reinforced by a shift in ?(2)? and ?(3)? as well as ?(4)?

A

(1) policy measures

(2) societal behaviours

(3) preferences

(4) technology development

74
Q

Expected paths:

  • Renewable energy, led by ?(1)? and ?(2)?power, will be the fastest growing source of energy…
A

(1) wind

(2) solar

75
Q

Expected paths:

  • the intermittency associated with the growing use of wind and solar power will require different technologies and solutions (e.g., storage) to properly manage the electricity system.

True/False?

A

True

76
Q

Expected paths

A more “conscious” (energy efficient) and active involvement of energy users in energy production and use (in an individual or collegial manners, i.e., “energy communities”), also thanks to the spread of digital technologies

A
77
Q

Übersicht über die Säulen, die im Kurs behandelt werden.

–> Folie 36!

A

…

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