Grundlagen of energy and sustainability

Question 1

When is a source of energy defined as primary?

Answer 1

When it occurs IN NATURE and is not the result of the transformation of any other form of energy.

Question 2

Name two types of primary energy sources.

Answer 2

renewables

fossil fuels

Question 3

When is a source of energy defined as secondary (Secondary energy source)?

Answer 3

When it can be used only after a process of TRANSFORMATION, which entails a loss of available energy.

Question 4

Name examples for secondary energy sources! (3)

Answer 4

Gasoline

Electricity

Hydrogen

Question 5

Energy use / consumption refers to the use of any kind of primary or secondary energy in a final activity.

Name sectors with consumption!

Answer 5

Industry
Transport
Agriculture
Buildings (e.g., residential, tertiary)

Question 6

The term “renewable” only applies to an energy source grown and replaced at a rate at least equal to the rate at which it is used.

Answer 6

…

Question 7

Primary energy sources can be divided in?

Answer 7

Non Renewable

Renewable

Question 8

Name non renewable primary energy sources! (2)

Answer 8

Fossil fuels

Nuclear Power

Question 9

Wie können Fossil fuels unterteilt werden?

Answer 9

• Coal
• Hydrocarbons
  –> Oil
  –> Natural Gas

Question 10

Name renewable primary energy sources! (5)

Answer 10

Hydroelectric

Wind

Biomass

Solar

Geothermal

Question 11

Wie kann Biomass weiter unterteilt werden? (3)

Answer 11

Solid and Waste

Liquid

Biogas

Question 12

Wie kann Solar unterteilt werden? (2)

Answer 12

Thermal

Photovoltaic

Question 13

World primary energy consumption

Progressive growth of primary energy consumption worldwide.

In 2020, primary energy consumption decreased by 4,5% compared to 2019 (the first decline in energy consumption since 2009 and the largest one since 1945)

Recovery in 2021 and 2022: 2022 saw a 1% increase in total primary energy consumption taking it to around 3% above the 2019 pre-COVID level.

-> Folie 7 ansehen

Answer 13

…

Question 14

World primary energy consumption

Primary energy in 2022 was 16.6 EJ above 2019 pre-COVID levels, with consumption increasing in all regions except for Europe (-3,8%) and CIS (-5,8%)

Primary energy consumption in non-OECD countries increased by 20.5 EJ compared to their 2019 pre-COVID levels, driven largely by growth in China (14,6 EJ) accounting for 72% of the increase.

The increase in primary energy supply between 2019 and 2022 was largely driven by renewable (exluding hydro) energy sources (13,5 EJ) and coal (10.6 EJ), with increased gas production (2.7 EJ) also evident..

Answer 14

…

Question 15

Global primary energy consumption is mainly satisfied by?

Answer 15

fossil fuels (82%)

Question 16

World primary energy consumption by fuels

?? continues to hold the largest share of the energy mix (32% in 2021)

Answer 16

Oil

Question 17

World primary energy consumption by fuels

?? is the second largest fuel (27%), followed by ?? (23%)

Answer 17

Coal

natural gas

Question 18

World primary energy consumption by fuels

The share of hydroelectricity has been rather flat in the last years (around 7%).

Answer 18

…

Question 19

World primary energy consumption by fuels

Renewables (hydropower excluded) has overtaken nuclear (4%) and hydroelectricity, with a share equal to around 8%.

Answer 19

…

Question 20

World primary energy consumption by fuels

Folie 9 ansehen!!

Answer 20

…

Question 21

World primary energy consumption by fuels

Progressive (“slow!”) shift toward “cleaner” energy sources

Decrease of oil (in percentage and not in absolute terms), now used almost exclusively for ??

Answer 21

transport

Question 22

World primary energy consumption by fuels

Growth of natural gas (heating, electricity generation, development of new technologies for the transportation of gas, i.e., liquified natural gas - LNG - and increasing role of shale gas).

Answer 22

…

Question 23

World primary energy consumption by fuels

Stability of coal, heavily used in ?? for ??

Answer 23

developing countries (such as China)

for power generation

Question 24

World primary energy consumption by fuels

Decreasing role of nuclear energy, with the future development programs stopped as a consequence of Fukushima accident.

Steep growth of non-hydro renewable energy sources (e.g. wind and solar

Answer 24

…

Question 25

Regional energy consumption patterns Growth of primary energy consumption worldwide has been mainly driven by whom?

Answer 25

developing countries (mainly Asian ones, e.g. China, India)

Question 26

Regional energy consumption patterns Growth of primary energy consumption mainly led by increasing prosperity (only partially offset by efficiency gains). -> Folie 11 ansehen

Answer 26

...

Question 27

Regional energy consumption patterns A very different "energy mix" in the different regions worldwide. ?(1)? remains the dominant fuel in many regions, while ?(2)? dominates in CIS and the Middle East, accounting for more than half of the energy mix in both regions. ?(3)? is the domninant fuel in the Asia Pacific region.

Answer 27

(1) Oil (2) natural gas (3) coal --> Folie 12

Question 28

World primary energy consumption by sectors -> Folie 13 ansehen!

Answer 28

...

Question 29

World primary energy consumption by sectors The most relevant sectors in terms of energy consumption are: ?? (3)

Answer 29

Transport (which includes energy used in road, marine, rail and aviation) manufacturing (includes energy used in the industrial processes) buildings (which includes energy used in residential and commercial buildings)

Question 30

World final energy consumption How can the final energy uses (e.g. the sum of consumption by the different end-use sectors) be calculated?

Answer 30

Primary Energy Supply - ( Secondary energy consumed by production facilites + efficiency losses from plants + losses from power distribution + other self-consumption )

Question 31

CO2 equivalent global emissions Scientific evidence suggests that the dominant cause of climate change is the release of ??.

Answer 31

greenhouse gases (GHGs)

Question 32

CO2 equivalent global emissions Due to increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere, the temperature rises because?

Answer 32

a greater quantity of solar heat remains trapped in the atmosphere.

Question 33

CO2 equivalent global emissions -> Abb. Folie 15!

Answer 33

...

Question 34

CO2 equivalent global emissions Reduction in greenhouse gases emissions are difficult to achieve due to some factors: ?? (2)

Answer 34

overcoming of national boundaries visible outcome of corrective actions in the long-term

Question 35

CO2 equivalent global emissions Greenhouse gases (GHGs) warm the Earth by what?

Answer 35

absorbing energy and slowing the rate at which the energy escapes to space

Question 36

Different Greenhouse gases (GHGs) can have different effects on the Earth's warming, as a function of: - their ability to absorb energy ("radiative efficiency") - how long they stay in the atmosphere ("lifetime")

Answer 36

...

Question 37

The ?? was developed to allow comparisons of the global warming impacts of different gases.

Answer 37

Global Warming Potential (GWP)

Question 38

Global Warming Potential is a measure of what?

Answer 38

of how much energy the emissions of 1 ton of a gas will absorb over a given period of time, relative to the emissoins of 1 ton of carbon dioxide (CO2)

Question 39

What time period is usually used for Global Warming Potentials (GWPs)?

Answer 39

100 years

Question 40

Global warming potential of greenhouse gases over 100-year timescale --> siehe Folie 16

Answer 40

...

Question 41

Carbon emissions from ?? are the largest source of GHG emissions.

Answer 41

energy use (siehe Folie 17)

Question 42

CO2 equivalent global emissions - regional overview -> siehe Folie 18

Answer 42

...

Question 43

?? is the world's largest emitter of greenhouse gases today

Answer 43

China (it emits around twice as much as the United States, which is the second largest emitter) --> This is followed by India, Indonesia, Russia --> Very different figures if evaluated "per capita" !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Question 44

Nearly half of the GHG emissions from energy use stem from energy used within ?(1)?, while the remainder is split roughly evenly between the ?(2)? and ?(3)? - including agriculture - sectors.

Answer 44

(1) industry (2) transport (3) buildings

Question 45

No sector can escape the need to dramatically reduce emissions. Some of them (e.g. heavy industries such as iron&steel and cement) are areas where emissions are particularly "hard to abate". This is in large part because the technologies that will be relied upon to deliver deep reductions in emissions in these sectors (e.g., green hydrogen) are at comparatively early stages of development (large prototype and demonstration level today) and, therefore, not cost-competitive against established technologies.

Answer 45

...

Question 46

Energy dependency in Europe Among the five Member States consuming the largest amounts of energy, the least dependent on energy imports were? (2)

Answer 46

United Kingdom (35,4%) France (46,6%) (In contrast to Germany (63,6%), Spain (73,3%), Italy (76,3%))

Question 47

Worldwide distribution of oil reserves and inter-area movements highly concentrated supply (top 10 countries account to more than 85% of available reserves worldwide) Geopolitical tensions related to areas of greatest reserves --> Folie 22!!

Answer 47

...

Question 48

Natural gas: World production and consumption by region (billion cubic metres) --> siehe Folie 23

Answer 48

...

Question 49

Natural gas: World production and consumption by region A more "local" market, mainly due to what?

Answer 49

high upfront investment requirement for transport and distribution system --> partially "disrupted" by emerging trends (e.g., liquefied natural gas - LNG)

Question 50

Name the "main goals" driving the main evolutionary trends in the energy sector!

Answer 50

Decarbonization Energy Security Energy Affordability

Question 51

Huge increase of energy prices as a result of Russo-Ukrainian war siehe Folie 25

Answer 51

...

Question 52

Global energy demand continues to grow. Why?

Answer 52

increasing prosperity and living standards in developing countries.

Question 53

Global primary energy consumption is mainly satisfied by what?

Answer 53

fossil fuels, with a progressive ("slow!") shift toward "cleaner" energy sources

Question 54

The world is on an unsustainable path: scientific evidence suggests that the dominant cause of climate change is?

Answer 54

the release of greenhouse gases (GHGs) --> most of them being related to energy production and use.

Question 55

Solutions must be identified to manage the "energy trilemma", thus enabling energy transition. Woraus besteht das energy trilemma?

Answer 55

Environmental impacts Energy Security Affordibility --> look at the energy trilemma auf Folie 27!!

Question 56

The main evolutionary trends in the energy sector (enabling ??)

Answer 56

"energy transition"

Question 57

Energy transition is: ?? (3)

Answer 57

- a long-term change in energy systems - aimed at developing a secure, affordable and climate-friendly energy system - better able to manage and balance dynamic patterns of supply and demand

Question 58

GHG emissions from energy use: scenarios Huge uncertainty in the scenarios to 2050, affected by: ?? (3)

Answer 58

technology development policy initiatives social acceptance

Question 59

GHG emissions from energy use: scenarios Folie 30 ansehen !!!

Answer 59

...

Question 60

The ?? scenario posts a series of policy measures, led by a significant increase in carbon prices and supported by more-targeted sector specific measures.

Answer 60

"Accelerated" (beschleunigte)

Question 61

The ?? scenario assumes that the policy measures embodied in Rapid are both added to and reinforced by significant shifts in societal behaviour and preferences.

Answer 61

"Net Zero"

Question 62

The ?? Scenario assumes that government policies, technologies and social preferences continue to evolve in a manner and speed over the recent past.

Answer 62

"New momentum"

Question 63

Secondary (final) energy consumption: perspective trends --> siehe Folie 31!

Answer 63

...

Question 64

Secondary (final) energy consumption: perspective trends Total final consumption worldwide peaks in all three scenarios, as gains in energy efficiency accelerate, more than offsetting the upwards impact of increasing living standards across much of the emerging world. The assumed increase in the pace of energy efficiency improvements in Accelerated and Net Zero is a central element in facilitating a rapid reduction of carbon emissions, without there would need to be even faster growth in low-carbon energy to achieve the same outcome (different "recipes" available)

Answer 64

...

Question 65

Secondary (final) energy consumption: perspective trends Total final consumption decarbonizes as: ?? (2)

Answer 65

the direct use of fossil fuels declines: (--> fossil fuels used decline from a share of around 65% in 2019 to 20-50% by 2050 across the three scenarios. Within hydrocarbons, the share of coal falls particularly sharply as the world increasingly shifts to the use of electricity and low-carbon hydrogen in industry, as does the share of oil, driven primarily by the falling use of oil in road transport.) the world electrifies (electricity consumption increasing by around 75% by 2050) and the power sector is increasingly decarbonized

Question 66

Secondary (final) energy consumption: perspective trends Folie 32 ansehen!

Answer 66

...

Question 67

The main trends enabling energy transition What are the four main trends: ?? (4)

Answer 67

declining role for hydrocarbons rapid expansion in renewables increasing electrification growing use of low-carbon hydrogen

Question 68

A transition to a low (up to zero) carbon energy system is likely to require what?

Answer 68

- policy measures --> reinforced by a shift in societal behaviours and preferences - technology development

Question 69

Expected paths: Demand for oil will fall over the next 30 years, driven by? (2)

Answer 69

incresing efficiency electrification of road transportation

Question 70

Interesting outlook for natural gas, underpinned by its role in supporting fast growing developing economies as they decarbonize and reduce their reliance on oil, and as a source of near-zero carbon energy if combined with what?

Answer 70

carbon capture use and storage (CCUS)

Question 71

The use of ?(1)? increases as the energy system progressively decarbonizes, carrying energy to activities which are difficult or costly to electrify (so called ?(2)? sectors)

Answer 71

(1) hydrogen (2) "hard-to-abate"

Question 72

Opportunities and challenges for companies in the oil&gas value chain Opportunities and challenges for companies in the electricity value chain New "smart ecosystems" are emerging, supported by emerging business models

Answer 72

...

Question 73

A transition to a low (up to zero) carbon energy system is likely to require ?(1)?, reinforced by a shift in ?(2)? and ?(3)? as well as ?(4)?

Answer 73

(1) policy measures (2) societal behaviours (3) preferences (4) technology development

Question 74

Expected paths: - Renewable energy, led by ?(1)? and ?(2)?power, will be the fastest growing source of energy...

Answer 74

(1) wind (2) solar

Question 75

Expected paths: - the intermittency associated with the growing use of wind and solar power will require different technologies and solutions (e.g., storage) to properly manage the electricity system. True/False?

Answer 75

True

Question 76

Expected paths A more "conscious" (energy efficient) and active involvement of energy users in energy production and use (in an individual or collegial manners, i.e., "energy communities"), also thanks to the spread of digital technologies

Answer 76

---

Question 77

Übersicht über die Säulen, die im Kurs behandelt werden. --> Folie 36!

Answer 77

...