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Final England History > Growth of Parliamentary democracy > Flashcards

Growth of Parliamentary democracy Flashcards

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1
Q

How many people could vote pre 1832

A

1/12 people could vote

366,000

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2
Q

When were the six acts enacted

A

1819

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3
Q

Name some of the terms of the six acts

A

banned meetings of 50 people

death penalty for publications of seditious material (use of language, designed to encourage rebellion)

no meetigs for military style drilling

gave magistrates more powers to search weapons

magistrates have no consequences

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4
Q

what did the six acts create

A

these created popular demand for reform

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5
Q

Between 1821 and 1829 what was the economic growth

A

GNP rose 16.8%
Manufacturing grew by 25%

1821-1829

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6
Q

what did the economic prosperity mean for government response

A

The Tory gov could relax its grip upon the country

Henry Hun released in 1822

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7
Q

how did the tory gov try and stabilise the country

A

replaced Tory Stalwarts like Lord Sidmouth with younger minds like Robert Peel

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8
Q

1821 reform

A

1821 Cornish borough of Grampound was disenfranchised. 2 seats given to Yorkshire.

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9
Q

1822 Whig Leader Jord John Russel bill

A

To disenfranchise 100 of Britain’s worst rotten boroughs

this was rejected by both sides of the house, both would not want to vote on a bill which would likely bout them out of a extremely powerful position.

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10
Q

between 1819 and 1828 what events created little call for reform

A

Reaction to the Peterloo massacre
economic fortune
implementation of the 6 acts
Little action from MPs

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11
Q

what caused another point of unrest in 1828-29

A

poor harvest in 1828-29, this rose food prices

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12
Q

what occurred in the rural areas between February and parch 1830

A

200 petitions to reduce tax in rural areas.

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13
Q

What were the swing riots

A

1830 18 months of rioting in the south east of England.

Burned hay ricks and prominent authority figures were accused of failing the local people

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14
Q

What did the economic boom in the 1820’s result in

A

Gave the middle class a greater desire for more political recognition.

Towns like Birmingham, Leeds and Sheffield expanded to become major centres of commerce

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15
Q

What was the BPI

A

The Birmingham political Union, established in December of 1829 by Thomas Attwood

This was created to achieve greater representation for new industrial cities

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16
Q

What were the penal laws

A

the Penal laws were enacted in 1691 and barred Catholics from sitting in parliament

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17
Q

Why was the ‘Catholic Question’ a reason for passing the great reform act

A

The Catholic association rose the question, Lord Liverpool wanted nothing do do with the Catholic question

New home Secretary Robert peel who was anti-emancipator
Foreign secretary Gorge Canning a keen supporter

This split the party and became the most important issue by 1826

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18
Q

How long had Liverpool run the Tory party for

A

15 years, 1812 - 1827

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19
Q

Why did Liverpool Resign, and what did this cause

A

Had a stroke

This caused a power struggle within the party

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20
Q

After Liverpools resignation how many leaders did the Tory party have

A

Within 11 months 3 different leaders were in the Tory party.

The Third Leader Duke of Wellington took office in August 1828

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21
Q

How did the Duke of Wellington divide the Party in 1829

A

Wellington supported Catholic Emancipation in 1829 which split the party into ‘Liberals’ (supporters) and ‘ultras’ (rejectors of emancipation)

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22
Q

What did the Tory party split mean in 1830

A

This reduced the publics confidence in the Tory party

1830 election came back with a 42 mp majority

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23
Q

How did middle class pressure help pass the great reform act

A

The methods of the middle class were respectable (petitions and speeches) these could not be put down

This new class had a stake in society and therefore the government was keen not to alienate its members.

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24
Q

What was the result of the 1832 election, and what was it about

A

The Whigs won with a majority of nearly 140

The election was essentially a referendum on the issue of reform

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25
Q

What were the Bristol riots

A

1831 Riots in Bristol by working class people, lasted for 3 days where the people held the city. 130 killed or wounded after a cavalry charge.

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26
Q

Where were there other riots preceding the 3rd reform bill (great reform act)

A

Nottingham and Derby

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27
Q

How slender was the majority which the great reform bill pass.

A

By April 1832 the Bill reached the Committee stage in the House of Lords.

Passed with a majority of 9

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28
Q

What were the ‘Days of May’

A

Earl Grey resigned, Duke of wellington formed a new Tory government. Public were not happy

The middle class in response withdrew their savings and investments in Banks to attempt to destroy the Government Finances

£1.8 Million was removed.

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29
Q

What were the provisions of the 1832 reform act

A

Under the new legislation: 56 boroughs in England and Wales were disenfranchised, 30 lost one of their 2 MPs

42 new Borough constituencies created

Scotland received 8 Extra seats and Ireland 5

In counties: Adult males owned land worth £10 a year or rented land worth £50 a year, and 40 shillings freeholder

In boroughs: adult males who either owned or rented property worth £10 a year and paid all relevant taxes. Had been in the property for at least 1 year with no poor relief

30
Q

How many people could vote after the 1832 reform act

A

366,000 - 650,000 in England and Wales.

18% of the male population.

31
Q

How was the Great reform act discredited

A

The act extended the franchise to to include a greater population in towns and cities but not hugely representative of the general population

The act widened the electorate for the middle class rather than the majority of the population

Rural seats were much more favoured then the cities: 370 MPs came from the south of England and only 120 from the North.

32
Q

What were the Chartist demands and when published

A
  1. Equal representation
  2. Universal manhood suffrage for over 21
  3. Annual parliaments
  4. Removal of property qualifications For MPs
  5. A secret Ballot
  6. Payment for MPs

1838

33
Q

What was the organisation which established chartism

A

The London Working men’s association 1836

34
Q

Who founded the London Working Men’s association

A

William Lovett

Henry Hetherington and Thomas Attwood

These three published their manifesto named the ‘Peoples charter’ in 1838

35
Q

Who was involved with the Chartist movement

A

Very broad. Majority of the members were working class: usually craftsmen and skilled workers from declining industry’s

36
Q

What was the problem of Chartist membership

A

Hunger politics: where the economic climate dictates the political activeness of the people.

37
Q

How did J.R. Stephens describe chartist membership

A

“ The Chartists were primarily a product of the economic climate and only sought political change to reduce economic suffering “

38
Q

What were the 2 types of Chartists

A

Physical force

Moral force

39
Q

Name 2 moral force Chartists

A

William Lovett
Thomas Attwood

Pamphlets and petitions

40
Q

Name 3 Physical force Chartists

A

Fergus O’Connor
James O’Brien - Armed Revolution
George Harney - armed revolution

General strike.

41
Q

When was the 1st chartist petition and how many signatures

A

May 1839

1,280,958 signatures

42
Q

Who and when wrote the Rights of man

A

1792 publication of the rights of man by Thomas Paine

43
Q

What effect did the 1833 factory act have

A

The act felt to benefit the newly enfranchised middle classes, as they failed to offer adequate working conditions or maximum working day for those outside textile industry

44
Q

Where did the Chartists meet to discuss methods to achieve their aims

A

1839 Chartism national convention winter 1839

45
Q

How many signatures did the 2nd chartist petition get

A

1842 3 million signatures however rejected with an increase margin of 43

46
Q

What occurred on the 10th April 1848

A

1848 The Kennington Common Rally and 3rd chartist petition was presented to parliament with a massive 5 million signatures

however more than half were deemed genuine therefore it was rejected.

47
Q

why was leadership a reason for the failure of Chartism

A

Leaders like Feargus O’Connor was a charismatic leader who could get people onboard however not an effective lead to maintain Chartism especially after the 1st petition

48
Q

Why were aims a reason for Chartist faliure

A

The aims of the Chartists were very ambitious for the mid 1800s and perhaps a little head of their time.

in a period which had only reluctantly grated the vote to a modest number of propertied and respectable members of society, the idea that only a few years after this British establishment would grant more power

moreover when the peoples charter was drawn up it was said to give women the vote however this was scrapped as it was seen as too radical.

49
Q

Why was different methods of achieving aims a failure of the chartistsw

A

Many of the middle class attendees were put of by the talk of physical force Chartists and actually resigned before any action was taken.

50
Q

why were Hunger politics a reason for Chartist falilure

A

More people would be inclined to join the chartist during times of economic downturn however when conditions stabilised many left and abandoned the movement until conditions eventually worsened

51
Q

What did government Legislation at the time of the Chartists do to the movement

A

Government had spies and agents, however they also passed legislation which undermined the Chartists by improving the conditions of those who supported them 1847 Ten hours act and 1846 Corn Laws Repealed. this reduced many sources of working class discontent.

52
Q

how did government determination cause Chartism to fail

A

The reaction to the Peterloo Massacre in 1819 showed the lengths to which the government would go to preserve order

1830s and 40s successive government were happy to deploy troops against any threat, made easier with growing railway network.

in 1848 the third petition was presented the government drafted 8000 soldiers and 150,000 special constables to prevent disorder.

53
Q

Change and continuity post-reform Britain

A 
the newly enfranchised middle class solidified the political elites position, destroyed any alliance between the working class and middle class
corruption was still widely practiced, no secret ballot so intimidation was still present

The most notable change was more people could now vote and to vote you must register post 1832.

54
Q

which political clubs started to gain support

A

Tory Leading Carlton Club
Whig Sponsored reform club

these were established to achieve this and in the bigger constituencies local party activist started to appear as part of a general election effort to raise profile or their respective parties.

after 1832 the parties became more polarised

55
Q

what was the Municipal corporations Act

A

the 1835 Municipal corporations Act changed the way local town councils were run. Pre 1835 thsese bodies were self elected and accountable to no one

after 1835 they became elected, all male rate payers were able to vote for the council.

56
Q

who became leader of the conservatives after loss in 1832

A

Robert Peel became leader in 1834

57
Q

after 1850 what were the Whigs called

A

The liberal, this also reflected the 2 party’s views, conservatives and liberals.

58
Q

how much were the conservatives in office for between 1832 and 1852

A

only 7 years

59
Q

population changes 1821 - 1861

A

1821 - 24 million

1861 - 31 million

60
Q

Lord Russel 1852 Bill

A

1852 Lord Russel proposed to reduce £10 to £6 qualification.

this would mean that too many of the working class to vote which would mean the liberals would gain more support.

61
Q

What was the effect of the American Civil War

A

since 1825 cotton had been Britain’s biggest import, Lancashire provided work for 355,000 people within the cotton industry.

during the civil war the republican blockade stopped cotton being imported

Chancellor of Exchequer William Gladstone visited Lancashire and was impressed by the textile workers self control, this convinced him that they were ready for the vote.

62
Q

How did Lord Parlmeston refer to the the lower classes

A

Residuum- a term referencing the substance that is left behind after processing

63
Q

what was the ‘national Reform Union’

A

this sought to extend the franchise to all male ratepayers, promote equal distributions of seats and a secret ballot

membership was liberal minded employer like Samuel Morley a woollen manufacture.

this was a respectable lobby group which was able to demand the attention of those in power

64
Q

What was the Reform League

A

this was a more radical than the union, campaigning instead for universal manhood suffrage and secrete ballot

Violent action would only promote violent response.

65
Q

What was Gladstone’s 1866 reform bill

A

Wanted to enfranchise more than 200,000 skilled workers ins boroughs and 170,000 workers in counties.

his was promptly shut down as it would benefit the Liberals massively.

66
Q

what were the Hyde Park Riots

A

in 1866 following the failure of the 1866 reform bill the reform league resolved to hold a political meeting in Hyde park on 23rd July.

the meeting was declared illegal by the home secretary, the Park was cornered of by the police and the gates chained.

people within the park swung on the chains until they gave way

67
Q

role of Benjamin Disraeli in the passing of the 2nd reform act 1867

A

New Chancellor of the Exchequer, Disraeli evidenced a keen appreciation for manipulating an opportunity for him.

political success was more important than the final shape of the bill.

in compromising the principles of the Conservative party, Disraeli was in one sense recognising the political animal that the British public had become and in another way was seeking to harness that emotion for the benefit of modern conservatism.

68
Q

provisions of the 2nd Great Reform act 1867

A

45 seats taken from boroughs with less than 10,000 people
25 of those seats went to the counteis,20 went to new boroughs, six existing boroughs gained an extra and one was reserved for the university of London

boroughs all male householders who occupied property worth £10 for 1 year
in counties male householders of £5

2.46 million people could now vote

69
Q

aftermath of 2nd great reform act

A

in 1868 despite enfranchising more than 1 million of the working class, the conservatives lost the next general election and disapproved Disraeli’s own rationale for reform.

the newly enfranchised were going to vote rationally not for a party who is not going to represent them.

70
Q

what is old corruption and why were these failings of reform

A

large areas in the Midlands and North were still underrepresented

southern counties over represented

property still determined the franchise in counties

boroughs 1 year clause prevented 30% of working class population from voting

seats reserved for university’s.

Final England History (3 decks)

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