Growth of Nationalism Flashcards
Define Nationalism
Nationalism is the feeling of oneness and ๐ค๐ฐ๐ฎ๐ฎ๐ฐ๐ฏ ๐ค๐ฐ๐ฏ๐ด๐ค๐ช๐ฐ๐ถ๐ด๐ฏ๐ฆ๐ด๐ด that emerges when people living in a common territory share the same historical, political and cultural background, ๐ฉ๐ข๐ท๐ฆ ๐ต๐ฉ๐ฆ ๐ด๐ข๐ฎ๐ฆ ๐ค๐ถ๐ญ๐ต๐ถ๐ณ๐ข๐ญ ๐ท๐ข๐ญ๐ถ๐ฆ๐ด and consider themselves as one nation.
Describe the effect of economic exploitation by the British on the peasants
- The Peasents were the main victims of the economic exploitation.
- The government took a large part of their produce away from them in the form of land revenue and other taxes.
- These taxes let them into the clutches of landlords and moneylenders.
Describe the effect of economic exploitation of the British on the artisans
- ๐๐ฉ๐ฆ ๐๐ณ๐ช๐ต๐ช๐ด๐ฉ ๐ฆ๐ค๐ฐ๐ฏ๐ฐ๐ฎ๐ช๐ค ๐ฑ๐ฐ๐ญ๐ช๐ค๐ช๐ฆ๐ด ๐ธ๐ฆ๐ณ๐ฆ ๐ฉ๐ฆ๐ข๐ท๐ช๐ญ๐บ ๐ข๐จ๐ข๐ช๐ฏ๐ด๐ต ๐ต๐ฉ๐ฆ ๐ช๐ฏ๐ต๐ฆ๐ณ๐ฆ๐ด๐ต๐ด ๐ฐ๐ง ๐๐ฏ๐ฅ๐ช๐ข๐ฏ ๐ต๐ณ๐ข๐ฅ๐ฆ ๐ข๐ฏ๐ฅ ๐ช๐ฏ๐ฅ๐ถ๐ด๐ต๐ณ๐บ.
- ๐๐ฉ๐ฆ ๐๐ฏ๐จ๐ญ๐ช๐ด๐ฉ ๐๐ข๐ด๐ต ๐๐ฏ๐ฅ๐ช๐ข ๐๐ฐ๐ฎ๐ฑ๐ข๐ฏ๐บ ๐ถ๐ด๐ฆ๐ฅ ๐ช๐ต๐ด ๐ฑ๐ฐ๐ญ๐ช๐ต๐ช๐ค๐ข๐ญ ๐ฑ๐ฐ๐ธ๐ฆ๐ณ๐ด ๐ต๐ฐ ๐ฅ๐ฆ๐ด๐ต๐ณ๐ฐ๐บ ๐๐ฏ๐ฅ๐ช๐ข๐ฏ ๐ฉ๐ข๐ฏ๐ฅ๐ช๐ค๐ณ๐ข๐ง๐ต๐ด ๐ข๐ฏ๐ฅ ๐ช๐ฏ๐ฅ๐ถ๐ด๐ต๐ณ๐บ.
- India became a source for raw materials and a market for British goods.
- This policy ๐ค๐ณ๐ช๐ฑ๐ฑ๐ญ๐ฆ๐ฅ artisans and craftsmen as they were devoid of their sources of livelihood.
Describe the effect of economic exploitation by the British on the working class of India
- The growth of industrialism in India led to the creation of a new class - the working class.
- The people of this class were exploited by factory owners, who were usually British people.
- Although they formed a minority of the Indian population, they had a new social outlook.
- Their outlook and interests were broad covering the whole of the nation, though they worked only in factories that were only in urban areas.
- Thus, their political thought was far greater than their numerical strength.
Describe the effect of economic exploitation on the educated Indians
- The only employment available to the educated Indians were government jobs, where competition was high and ๐ฑ๐ณ๐ฐ๐ฎ๐ฐ๐ต๐ช๐ฐ๐ฏ ๐ธ๐ข๐ด ๐ฅ๐ช๐ง๐ง๐ช๐ค๐ถ๐ญ๐ต.
- ๐๐ฉ๐ฆ๐บ ๐ฉ๐ข๐ฅ ๐ต๐ฉ๐ฐ๐ถ๐จ๐ฉ๐ต ๐ต๐ฉ๐ข๐ต ๐๐ณ๐ช๐ต๐ช๐ด๐ฉ ๐ค๐ข๐ฑ๐ช๐ต๐ข๐ญ๐ช๐ด๐ฎ ๐ธ๐ฐ๐ถ๐ญ๐ฅ ๐ฉ๐ฆ๐ญ๐ฑ ๐ฅ๐ฆ๐ท๐ฆ๐ญ๐ฐ๐ฑ ๐๐ฏ๐ฅ๐ช๐ขโ๐ด ๐ฑ๐ณ๐ฐ๐ฅ๐ถ๐ค๐ต๐ช๐ท๐ฆ ๐ง๐ฐ๐ณ๐ค๐ฆ๐ด ๐ข๐ด ๐ช๐ต ๐ฉ๐ข๐ฅ ๐ฅ๐ฐ๐ฏ๐ฆ ๐ง๐ฐ๐ณ ๐ต๐ฉ๐ฆ ๐๐ณ๐ช๐ต๐ช๐ด๐ฉ. ๐๐ฏ๐ด๐ต๐ฆ๐ข๐ฅ, ๐๐ณ๐ช๐ต๐ช๐ด๐ฉ ๐ฆ๐ค๐ฐ๐ฏ๐ฐ๐ฎ๐ช๐ค ๐ฑ๐ฐ๐ญ๐ช๐ค๐ช๐ฆ๐ด ๐ฌ๐ฆ๐ฑ๐ต ๐๐ฏ๐ฅ๐ช๐ข ๐ฆ๐ค๐ฐ๐ฏ๐ฐ๐ฎ๐ช๐ค๐ข๐ญ๐ญ๐บ ๐ฃ๐ข๐ค๐ฌ๐ธ๐ข๐ณ๐ฅ.
Name the viceroy of India who followed a great number of repressive policies.
Lord Lytton
Explain 4 repressive colonial policies of the British(headings only)
- Grand Delhi Durbar
- Age limit for Indian Civil Service examinations
- Vernacular Press Act and Indian Arms Act
- Removal of import duties on British textiles
What was the Delhi Durbar? Why was it controversial?
- Lord Lytton organised an event known as the โGrand Delhi Durbarโ to celebrate the proclamation of Queen Victoria as empress of India.
- Lakhs of rupees were spent in organising this event but nothing was done for Indians who were in the grip of a famine.
What was the Vernacular Press Act?
The Vernacular Press Act forbade vernacular papers to publish any material that might incite feelings of dissatisfaction with the British Government. This Act was not applicable to English newspapers. It was revoked by Lord Ripon.
What was the Indian Arms Act?
The Indian Arms Act made it a criminal offence for Indians to carry arms without a license. This did not apply to the British.
By what degree was the age limit of the Indian civil service lowered? Why was this problematic?
The age limit for the entrance examination of the Indian Civil Service was lowered from 21 years to 19 years. This made it difficult for Indians to compete for the examination.
Why was the removal of import duties on British textiles problematic?
The removal of import duties on British textiles harmed the Indian industry.
What was the Illbert bill?
- This Bill provided for the trial of British or European persons by Indians. By this Act, the British tried to introduced equality between British and Indian judges in India.
- ๐๐ฉ๐ช๐ด ๐ธ๐ข๐ด ๐ณ๐ฆ๐ด๐ฆ๐ฏ๐ต๐ฆ๐ฅ ๐ฃ๐บ ๐ต๐ฉ๐ฆ ๐๐ณ๐ช๐ต๐ช๐ด๐ฉ and they started a Defence Association to defend their special privileges.
- This reaction provoked counter-agitation by educated Indians.
- The government ultimately withdrew the Bill.
- ๐๐ฉ๐ช๐ด ๐ฆ๐ท๐ฆ๐ฏ๐ต ๐ฉ๐ช๐จ๐ฉ๐ญ๐ช๐จ๐ฉ๐ต๐ฆ๐ฅ ๐ต๐ฉ๐ฆ ๐ณ๐ข๐ค๐ช๐ข๐ญ ๐ข๐ต๐ต๐ช๐ต๐ถ๐ฅ๐ฆ ๐ฐ๐ง ๐ต๐ฉ๐ฆ ๐๐ณ๐ช๐ต๐ช๐ด๐ฉ ๐ช๐ฏ ๐๐ฏ๐ฅ๐ช๐ข. It made clear to all Indians that ๐ซ๐ถ๐ด๐ต๐ช๐ค๐ฆ ๐ข๐ฏ๐ฅ ๐ง๐ข๐ช๐ณ๐ฑ๐ญ๐ข๐บ could not be expected where the interests of the European community were involved.
What did social-religious reform movements work for in the social sphere?
These movements worked for the abolition of the ๐ค๐ข๐ด๐ต๐ฆ ๐ด๐บ๐ด๐ต๐ฆ๐ฎ, ๐ค๐ฉ๐ช๐ญ๐ฅ ๐ฎ๐ข๐ณ๐ณ๐ช๐ข๐จ๐ฆ, ๐ฅ๐ฐ๐ธ๐ณ๐บ ๐ด๐บ๐ด๐ต๐ฆ๐ฎ purdah system, sati and infanticide. They launched a crusade against all social and legal inequalities.
What did socio-religous reform movements work for in the religious sphere?
In the religious sphere, these reform movements combated ๐ณ๐ฆ๐ญ๐ช๐จ๐ช๐ฐ๐ถ๐ด ๐ด๐ถ๐ฑ๐ฆ๐ณ๐ด๐ต๐ช๐ต๐ช๐ฐ๐ฏ๐ด, attacked idolatry, polytheism and hereditary priesthood. ๐๐ฉ๐ฆ๐ด๐ฆ ๐ฎ๐ฐ๐ท๐ฆ๐ฎ๐ฆ๐ฏ๐ต๐ด ๐ง๐ฐ๐ถ๐จ๐ฉ๐ต ๐ง๐ฐ๐ณ ๐ช๐ฏ๐ฅ๐ช๐ท๐ช๐ฅ๐ถ๐ข๐ญ ๐ญ๐ช๐ฃ๐ฆ๐ณ๐ต๐บ ๐ข๐ฏ๐ฅ ๐ด๐ฐ๐ค๐ช๐ข๐ญ ๐ฆ๐ฒ๐ถ๐ข๐ญ๐ช๐ต๐บ.
Name some prominent socio-religious reformers of 19th century India.
- Raja Rammohan Roy
- Swami Dayanand Saraswati
- Swami Vivekananda
- Jyotiba Phule
Describe Raja Rammohan Royโs approach to religion.
- He stressed on the unity of all religions
- He was against beliefs of many Gods and believed in the worship of a single God.
- __He strongly held the view that all the principal ancient texts of the Hindus preached monotheism.__
- Amitya Sabha
- Brahmo Sabha
What did Raja Rammohan study as a child?
He studied ๐๐ข๐ฏ๐ด๐ฌ๐ณ๐ช๐ต ๐ข๐ฏ๐ฅ ๐๐ช๐ฏ๐ฅ๐ถ ๐ฑ๐ฉ๐ช๐ญ๐ฐ๐ด๐ฐ๐ฑ๐ฉ๐บ, the Quran as well as ๐๐ฆ๐ณ๐ด๐ช๐ข๐ฏ ๐ข๐ฏ๐ฅ ๐๐ณ๐ข๐ฃ๐ช๐ค ๐ญ๐ช๐ต๐ฆ๐ณ๐ข๐ต๐ถ๐ณ๐ฆ.
๐๐ฆ ๐ฎ๐ข๐ฅ๐ฆ ๐ข๐ฏ ๐ช๐ฏ๐ต๐ฆ๐ฏ๐ด๐ช๐ท๐ฆ ๐ด๐ต๐ถ๐ฅ๐บ ๐ฐ๐ง ๐ธ๐ฆ๐ด๐ต๐ฆ๐ณ๐ฏ ๐ต๐ฉ๐ฐ๐ถ๐จ๐ฉ๐ต ๐ข๐ฏ๐ฅ ๐ค๐ถ๐ญ๐ต๐ถ๐ณ๐ฆ. To study the Bible in the original form, he learnt ๐๐ณ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ฌ and Hebrew.
What article did Raja Rammohan Roy write?
Raja Rammohan Roy wrote in Persian ๐๐ช๐ง๐ต to Monotheists ๐ช๐ฏ ๐ธ๐ฉ๐ช๐ค๐ฉ ๐ฉ๐ฆ ๐ฑ๐ถ๐ต ๐ง๐ฐ๐ณ๐ธ๐ข๐ณ๐ฅ ๐ฉ๐ช๐ด ๐ท๐ช๐ฆ๐ธ๐ด ๐ข๐จ๐ข๐ช๐ฏ๐ด๐ต ๐ฃ๐ฆ๐ญ๐ช๐ฆ๐ง๐ด ๐ช๐ฏ ๐ฎ๐ข๐ฏ๐บ ๐๐ฐ๐ฅ๐ด ๐ข๐ฏ๐ฅ ๐ง๐ฐ๐ณ ๐ต๐ฉ๐ฆ ๐ฃ๐ฆ๐ญ๐ช๐ฆ๐ง ๐ฐ๐ง ๐ฐ๐ฏ๐ฆ ๐๐ฐ๐ฅ.
What was the Brahmo Samaj?
The Brahmo Samaj was an organisation started by Raja Rammohan Roy which believed in Monotheism or worship of one God. It condemned idol worship and laid emphasis on prayer, meditation, morality and strengthening the bond between men of all creeds and religions.
Describe Raja Rammohan Royโs social reforms.
- Rammohan Roy was against the rigidity of the caste system.
- He started a campaign for the abolition of sati and purdah system, ___condemned polygamy___, discouraged child marriages and advocated for the right of widows to remarry. It was Raja Rammohan Royโs efforts which led ___William Bentick___, the Governer General of India, to pass a law in 1829 making the practice of Sati illegal and punishable by law.
- He was a strong supporter of womenโs rights. ___He condemned the subjugation of women___. To raise the status of women, he demanded that they be given the right of inheritance and property.
How was Raja Rammohan Roy a pioneer of Indian Journalism?
- Rammohan Roy was a committed nationalist and a pioneer of Indian journalism.
- He brought out a number of journals in Bengali, English, Hindi and Persian to spread scientific, literary and political knowledge among the Indians and raise public opinion on topics of current interest and to represent popular demands and grievances before the British government.
- He also started a Bengali weekly called the โSamwad Kaumudiโ and a paper in Persian called โMirat-ul-Akhbarโ.
Bengali weekly started by Rammohan Roy
Samwad Kaumudi
Paper in Persian started by Rammohan Roy
Mirat-ul-Akhbar
Describe Rammohan Royโs contributions to political rights.
- Rammohan Roy was the initiator of public agitation for demanding political and other rights.
- He demanded the abolition of the East India Companyโs trading rights and heavy export duties on Indian goods.
- He also demanded separation of the executive and the judiciary, trial by jury, judicial equality between Indians and Europeans and Indianisation of the superior services.
Describe Jyotiba Phuleโs contributions to the upliftment of women in British India
- First girls school: Jyotiba Phule along with his wife Savitribai Phule started one of the first girls school in Pune.
- Private orphanage: He established a school for untouchables and started a private orphanage for the widows.
- Pioneering widow remarriage movement: He pioneered the widow remarriage movement in Maharashtra and worked for the education of women.
- Educating depressed circles: He wanted to liberate the depressed classes and make them aware of their rights by educating them.
Name the book written by Jyotiba Phule on the caste system
Ghulamgiri
What were Jyotiba Phuleโs thoughts on the caste system?
- He considered the caste structure prominent in India to be a form of slavery.
- In his famous book โGhulamgiriโ, he described the hardships of the lower castes and the distress they experience.
How did Jyotiba Phule endeavour for social justice for the lower castes?
He founded the Satya Shodhak Samaj with the aim of securing social justice for the weaker sections of society.
How did the socio-religious reform movements contribute to the growth of nationalism?
- The reformers condemned untouchability and the rigid caste system. These ideas based on equality and brotherhood attracted the so-called lower castes.
- The reformers taught people not to ignore women, who could not participate in the national movement.
- Swami Dayanand and Swami Vivekananda proclaimed the superiority of Indian culture and civilisation.
- The reformers protested against the British domination of India. Swami Dayanand Saraswati was the first to use the term โSwarajโ and to raise the slogan โIndia for the Indiansโ
Who was the first to use the term โSwarajโ?
Swami Dayanand Saraswati
Prominent English newspapers started in the second half of the 19th century
- The Times of India
- The Hindu
- The Bengali
- The Statesman
How did the press play a role in the growth of nationalism?
- Through the press, the message of patriotism and modern liberal ideas like liberty, freedom, equality, home rule and independence spread among the people.
- The press carried on daily criticism of the unjust policies of the British Government in India and exposed the true nature of the British rule in India.
- It made the exchange of views among different social groups from different parts of the country and the organisation of political movements possible.
- It made Indians aware of what was happening in the world. This awareness helped them understand the political and social development of the outside world and shape their own policies and programmes.`
First political association started in India
Landholdersโ Society in Kolkata
Political associations started in India
Bengal British India Society, British Indian Association, East India Association, London India Society
Location of founding of East India Association
Founded in London
Founder of East India association
Dadabhai Naoroji
Purpose of East India association
- It provided information on all Indian subjects to British citizens and Members of Parliament.
- It voiced the grievances of Indians and suggested remedial measures.
Branches of East India Association
Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai
What was Dadabhai Naorojiโs opinion of the British?
- He believed that the British were just and good.
- He wanted to place the true state of affairs in India before the people of England so that the problems of the Indians may be resolved.
Head of Indian Association
Surendranath Banerjee
Roles of members of Indian association
The Association had lawyers, professionals and educated middle class as its members.
Branches of Indian Association
In Bengal and in towns outside Bengal.
Intent of Indian Association
The Indian Association was meant to be an All India Movement.
Objectives of the Indian Association
- Creation of a strong body of public opinion.
- Integration of Indian people on the basis of common political interests.
- Promotion of friendly relations between Hindus and Muslims.
- Mass participation in public movements.
Achievements of the Indian Association
- It launched agitations against oppressive Acts such as the Licence Act, the Arms Act and the Vernacular Press Act and against the lowering of age limit from 21 to 19 years for the Imperial Civil Service.
- It also took up the cause of the workers on the British-owned plantations.
- However, the association failed to attain an all-India character.
Founder of Indian National Conference
Surendranath Banerjee
Location of founding of Indian National Conference
Kolkata
Indian leaders moving towards the formation of an all-India political body
Surendranath Banerjee, Dadabhai Naoroji, Pherozeshah Mehta, Badruddin Tyabji
Who wanted to set up the Indian National Congress? Why?
A.O.Hume, a retired British member of the Indian Civil Service, wanted to set up an organisation that would draw the governmentโs attention to the administrative drawbacks and suggest means to rectify them.
Why did the Viceroy of India favour the formation of the Congress?
The Viceroy, Lord Dufferin, favoured the formation of the Congress because he wanted it to act as a โsafety-valveโ for popular discontent, thereby, safeguarding the British interests in India.
Original name of Indian National Congress
Indian National Union
Where was the Indian National Conference convened?
Pune on December 25 1885
Where and when was the first meeting of the Indian National Congress held?
Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College, Mumbai from December 28 to December 31, 1885
Who was the original president of the Indian National Congress?
W.C. Bonnerjee
How many delegates did the Indian National Congress originally have?
72
On whose suggestion was the name of the Indian National Union changed?
Dadabhai Naoroji
Aims of the Indian National Congress(VERBATIM)
- To promote friendly relations between nationalist political workers from different parts of the country.
- To develop and consolidate the feelings of national unity irrespective of caste, religion or province.
- To formulate popular demands and present them before the government.
- To train and organise public opinion in the country.
Eminent original members of the Indian National Congress
Dadabhai Naoroji
Pherozeshah Mehta
Badruddin Tyabji
Subramania Iyer
From which session onwards was the location of the sessions of the Indian National Conference not fixed?
1887 session
