Growth factors Flashcards
What are growth factors?
signalling molecules that regulate cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, and maturation
What are cytokines?
growth factors of blood cells that are involved in hematopoiesis and immune cell differentiation. (can affect cells other than blood cells and can also induce apoptosis)
Where does EGF come from?
GPCR receiving a signal, goes onto a membrane protein, either ADAM or MMP, then there’s a protein with domain on exterior, signal that activates CPGR, activates ADAM/MMP, and causes cleavage of EGFR from membrane, so then can bind to receptor and activate MAPK cascade
Matrix metalloproteinases can mature / release EGF from membrane proteins
Example: ADAMs
What is Surface Plasmon Resonance?
Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) is a technique used to study drug binding and determine the rate at which ligands fall off. It involves using a gold film to excite surface plasmons, generating an evanescent electric field that interacts with a solution of prey molecules.
What are surface plasmons?
Surface plasmons are waves of electrons that occur on the surface of a metal, in this case, gold. When light is directed at the gold film at a specific resonance angle, it excites these surface plasmons which in turn generate an evanescent electric field that extends beyond the gold film.
How is SPR used to study drug binding?
SPR involves coupling a receptor or bait molecule onto a flexible tether on top of the gold film. A solution of prey molecules is added to the system and allowed to associate with the bait molecule for a specified period of time. After this association period, the system is washed with a buffer solution to remove any unbound prey molecules and the rate at which the ligands fall off is measured during the dissociation period.
What does the MAP kinase cascade lead to?
leads to immediate early gene expression which produces Myc that controls cyclins and CDKs. this leads to a delated response gene expression that is importnat in cell cycle regulation. After the delayed response, G1-CDK can become active.
What does Wee1 do to the CDK?
deactivates it by phosphorylation on tyrosine 15
what does CAK do the CDK?
activates the CDK by phophroylation of the threoninine 161( needs CDC25 for this to happen however. wihtout it will remain inactive)
What does CDC25 do?
activates CDK by dephorpylation on tyrosine 15
What does mitogen activation do?
triggers a signaling cascade known as the MAP cascade, leading to the activation of Myc, a transcription factor that promotes cell proliferation.
what are CDKs and how are they activated?
Cyclin-dependent kinases are enzymes that regulate the progression of the cell cycle. They are activated by cyclins, which bind to and activate the CDKs.
what is Rb phosprylation?
Retinoblastoma protein is a tumor suppressor protein that inhibits cell cycle progression. Rb phosphorylation inactivates Rb, allowing E2f, a transcription factor, to be activated.
what is E2f and what does it activation lead to?
Stimulates the transcription of genes that promote cell cycle progression. Auto-stimulation occurs when E2f activates the transcription of its own gene, leading to a positive feedback loop that further promotes cell cycle progression.
what cyclins are produced during s phase gene transcription?
E and A. proteins needed for cell division.
