Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Paediatrics > Growth, Development and Health > Flashcards

Growth, Development and Health Flashcards

1
Q

What are the recognised phases of childhood?

A
  • Neonate
  • Infant
  • Toddler
  • Pre-school
  • School age
  • Teenager / Adolescent
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is development?

A
  • Gaining functional skills throughout childhood.
  • A gradual but rapid sequential process, occurring mainly from birth until aged 5, but rates can vary.
  • Cell growth, migration, connection, myelination all occur.
  • At school - cognitive and thought development will become more defined.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the important factors to think about in terms of the sequence of development?

A
  • If the development you see now is normal, then the chances are that the development will continue to be normal.
  • However, if the development is abnormal, then the chances are that development following this will be abnormal.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the key developmental fields?

A
  • Gross motor
  • FIne motor
  • Social and Self help
  • Speech and Language
  • Hearing and Vision
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are Milestones?

What if someone is late to a milestone?

A
  • Achievement of key developmental skills.
    • Such as: sitting, walking, first words
    • Again this is variable.
  • Refer if not achieved by limit age (2 SDs from mean.
    • Correct for prematurity until age 2.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Why is development important?

A
  • Learning functional skills for later on in life, in a safe environment.
  • Allows for the genetic potential of the brain to be reached.
  • Equipe us with tools to function in the future.
  • Many are automatic.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the factors influencing development?

A
  • Genetics
  • Environment
  • Positive early childhood experience
  • Developing brain vulnerable to insults
    • Antenatal
    • Postnatal
    • Abuse and Neglect
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the adverse Environmental Factors in Antental stage?

A
  • Infections - CMV, Rubella, Toxo, VZV
  • Toxins - Alcohol, Smoking, Anti-epiletics
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the adverse envirnomental factors in the Post natal?

A
  • Infections - meningitis & encephalitis
  • Toxins - solvents, mercury, lead
  • Trauma - head injury
  • malnutrition - iron, folate, Vit D
  • Metabolic - hypoglycaemia, hyper/hyponatraemia
  • Maltreatment/ under stimulation/ Domestic Violence
  • Maternal Mental Health issues
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why do we Asses Development?

A
  • Reassurance and to show progress.
  • Earlier diagnosis and prevention
  • Discuss positive stimulation and parenting strategies.
  • Improving outcomes.
  • Genetic counselling
  • Coexistent health issues.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How is a child’s development assessed?

A
  • Child surveillance
  • Develpomental screening and assessment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Who is involved in the assessment of a child’s development?

A
  • Parents and the wider family.
  • Health visitors, Nursery and Teachers
  • GPs, A&E, FYs, STs, Students
  • Paediatricians and community paediatrician
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What can be done to asses development?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How do you decide when development is normal and abnormal?

A
  • Difficult to do
  • Helps to think about each developmental field and the sequence of development seen in each.
    • Skills achieved
    • Skills not achieved
    • Global delay or specific delay.
    • Are the gained skills age appropriate.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Generally, outline the normal variation seen in children’s development.

A

Be aware that different children will react milestones at different points, be aware particularly of:

  • Early developers
  • Late normal developers
  • Bottom shufflers (walking delay)
  • Bilingual families - apparent language delay.
  • Familial traits of development
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are some of the important red flags that need to be identified in terms of development?

A
  • Loss of developmental skills
  • Parent/professional concern, regarding:
    • vision
    • hearing
  • Persistent low muscle tone/floppy.
  • No speech by 18 months, esp if no communication - referral for hearing test.
  • Asymmetrical movements
  • Increased tone
  • Not walking by 18 months / Persistent toe walking.
  • Uncertain clinician
17
Q

What are some of the more important points regarding development?

A
  • Parents with concerns - usually correct.
  • Parents more aware of motor milestones than lenaguage, speech, social.
  • Loss of skills is very worrying and needs further investigation.
    *
18
Q

What are the differnt aspects of Child Health Screening?

A
  • UK - Healthy Child Programme
  • Child Health Programme (Scotland)
  • Based in primary care (GP, home visits, midwives)

Main components:

  • Health promotion
  • Developmental screening (including hearing)
  • Immunisation
  • Parents observations and concerns are cruical.
19
Q

What are the various aspects of the Child Health Programme?

A
  • New-born exam and blod spot screening
    • inlcuding PKU, CHT, CF, Sickle Cell and MCADD.
  • New-born hearing screening (by day 28)
  • Health Visitor First Visit
  • 6-8 weeks Review then 27-30 months review
  • Orthoptist vision screening @ 4/5 years.

Unscheduled and recall reviews can be done if needed.

20
Q

What aspects of the child are covered in the 6-8 weeks review in the GP and Home Visit?

A
  • Feeding
    • breast, bottle, both
  • Parents concerns
    • appearance, hearing, eyes, sleeping, movement, illness, crying, weight.
  • Development
    • Gross motor, hearing & communication
    • Vision and social awareness
  • Measurements
    • Weight
    • OFC (Occipitofrontal Circumference)
    • Length
  • Examination
    • Heart, hips, testes, genitalia, femoral pulses & eyes (red reflex)
  • Sleeping position
    • supine
    • prone
    • side
  • Sleeping position
21
Q

What aspects of the child are covered in the 27-30moth review of the child?

A
  • Development
    • Social, behavioural, attention, emotional
    • Communication, speech and language.
    • Gross and fine motor
    • Vision and hearing
  • Physical measurements (height and weight)
  • Diagnoses / other issues .
22
Q

In the Healthy Child Programme, what are the different ages for assessment and what is assessed here?

A
  • Antenatal
  • Birth - 1 week
    • feeding, hearing, examination, Vit K, immunisations, blood spots
  • 2 weeks
    • Feeding, maternal mental health, jaudice, SIDS.
  • 6-8 weeks
    • Exam, immunisations, measure, maternal mental health.
  • 1 year
    • ​​Growth, health promotion
  • 2-2.5 years
    • ​​Development, Concerns, Language
  • 5 years
    • ​​immunisations, dental, hearing, vision, development l
23
Q

What are the health promotion aspects fo the Healthy Child Programme?

A
  • Smoking
  • Alcohol/Drugs
  • Nutrition
  • Hazards and safety
  • Dental Health
    *
24
Q

Why do we give immunisations and to who?

When shouldn’t they receive immunisation?

A
  • Immunisations are a highly effective public health measure, which helps to reduce and eradicate some diseases.
  • All children should receive (more so if they are “at risk”)
  • No live vaccines should be given to a child who is immunocompromised (except HIV infection).
  • Immunisations are postponed if unwell (fever/systemic symptoms).
25
Q

What are the key points when taking an immunisation history?

Complications of immunisations?

Is there a link with Autism?

A
  • Remember that older children may not be immunised against the current list, these can often be updated.
  • Check with parents and in the red book.
  • Mild Temperature, Discomfort and Swelling are all common issues following an immunisation.
  • Anaphylaxis is a rarer complication.
  • NO LINK WITH AUTISM
26
Q

What are the 3 key growth measurements in growth monitoring?

What other less important measurements can be taken?

A
  • Weight (g or Kg)
  • Length (cm) or height (2y/o+)
  • Head Circumference
  • Weight and length for age.
  • BMI
  • Weight for length
  • Rate of weight gain (infants only)
27
Q

What is a centile?

A
  • % divisions of the population sampled.
    • eg 50th centile - take 100 healthy children - 50 above and 50 belwo
    • 0.4th centile - 1000 children - 4 children below, 996 above
  • No single measurement itself is abnormal - must be taken in terms of pattern, progress and history.
28
Q

What is failure to thrive? (weight faltering)

A
  • Child growing too slowly in form and usually in function at the expected rate for his of=r her age.
    • Significantly low rate of weight gain (not a diagnosis, just descriptive of pattern)
  • This basically means supply of energy and nutrients is less than demand.
29
Q

What are the broad causes of failure to thrive in early life?

A
  • Deficient intake
  • Increased metabolic demands
  • Excessive nutrient loss
  • Non organic causes
30
Q

What are the “deficient intake” causes of failure to thrive?

A

Maternal

  • Poor lactation
  • incorrectly prepared feeds
  • Unusual milk/other feeds
  • Inadequate care

Infant

  • Premature
  • Small for dates
  • Oro-palatine abnormalities (e.g. cleft)
  • Neuromuscular disease (e.g. cerebral palsy)
  • Genetic Disorders
31
Q

What are the “increased metabolic demand” causes of failure to thrive in early life?

A
  • Congenital lung disease
  • Heart, Liver, Renal Disease
  • Infection
  • Anaemia
  • Inborn metabolism errors
  • CF
  • Thyroid Disease
  • Crohn’s / IBD
  • Malignancy
32
Q

What are the “excessive nutrient loss” causes of failure to thrive?

A
  • GORD
  • Pyloric stenosis
  • Gastroenteritis
  • Malabsorption
    • Food allergy
    • Persistent diarrhoea
    • Coeliac
    • Pancreatic insufficiency
    • Short Bowel Syndrome
33
Q

What are the non-organic causes of failure to thrive?

A
  • Poverty/SE status
  • Dysfunctional family - drug use/ maternal mental health issues
  • Difficult child-parent interactions
  • Lack of parental support - no friends or wider family
  • Lack of education or preparation for parenting.
  • Child neglect
  • Emotional deprivation syndrome
  • Poor feeding or feeding skills disorder
  • Feeding disorders

Paediatrics (32 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions