Growth & Dev't Chapter 21

Question 1

Taking a Lifespan Approach

Answer 1

“From conception until death, humans share a common developmental path, but each person travels that path in unique ways.”

(Gregory, Raymond-Seniuk, Patrick & Stephen, 2015)

Question 2

Growth

Answer 2

Increase in physical size and capacity
Includes changes in height, weight, increased size and functioning of internal organs, increasing brain & nervous system capacity

Question 3

Development

Answer 3

Development
Continuous process of increased skills & ability to function
Milestones in development – infant walking

Question 4

Principles of Growth and Development

Answer 4

G & D-continuous process – pace is uneven

G&D – involves interactions of genetics/environment

D – proceeds from head down, and body outward

D – proceeds from simple to complex, general to specific

D – sequence predictable but timing and duration variable

Sensitive periods with G&D – biological maturity required to achieve skills

Question 5

Developmental Stages

Answer 5

Infancy – birth -1 yr – high dependency
Toddler – 1-3 – rapid development of motor skills, language, exploration, limit testing
Preschool – 3-6 – physical growth rate slows – social skills
School age – 6-12 – increase in cognitive/social skills –agile
Adolescence- 13-19 – puberty – sexual development, personal identity/values
Young adulthood – 20-35 – career, lifestyle, intimate relationships & family
Middle adulthood – 36-65 – career/family est. lifestyle changes
Late adulthood – 65 > - reflection, satisfaction with life

Question 6

Factors Affecting G&D

Genetic, environmental, interacting factors

Answer 6

Heredity 
Temperament 
Family 
Peer group 
Health environment
Nutrition 
Rest, sleep, exercise 
Living environment 
Political and policy environment 
Life experiences 
Prenatal health 
State of health

Question 7

DEVELOPMENTAL THEORIES

Answer 7

Freud’s Theory of psychosexual development

Piaget’s Theory of moral cognitive development

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages of Development

Moral Development – Kohlberg/Gilligan

Question 8

Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development

Answer 8

A child’s moral development does not advance if the child’s cognitive development does not also mature

Levels and stages do not occur at specific ages; people attain different levels of moral development

• Preconventional level
• Conventional level
• Postconventional level

Question 9

Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development

Answer 9

Examines how people learn to think and make sense of their world

Four stages
Sensorimotor (birth to 2 years) 
Preoperational (2 to 7 years of age) 
Concrete operations (7 to 11 years of age) 
Formal operations (11 years to adulthood

Question 10

Psychoanalytic and Psychosocial Theory

Answer 10

Describes development from personality, cognitive, and behavioural perspectives

Question 11

Sigmund Freud

Answer 11

*balance between pleasure-seeking drives/societal pressures

*Psychosexual developmental stages
Stage 1: Oral (birth to 12–18 months)
Stage 2: Anal (12–18 months to 3 years)
Stage 3: Phallic or Oedipal ( 3 to 6 years)
Stage 4: Latency (6 to 12 years)
Stage 5: Genital (puberty through adulthood)

Question 12

Erik Erikson

Answer 12

Mastering one task before the next is necessary for success in life

Individuals need to accomplish one task before moving on to another

Question 13

Nurses who use developmental theories to understand their patients know that people experience which of the following?

Answer 13

a. Themes or tasks at different stages of their lives- ANSWER
b. The need to develop certain characteristics during their lives
c. Delayed development as a result of illness
d. The same stages at specific points throughout their lives

Question 14

Children generally double their birth weight by 5 months of age. This is an example of which of the following principles?

Answer 14

Heredity
Development
State of health
Physical growth- Correct

Growth encompasses physical changes that occur from the prenatal period through older adulthood. Development refers to the patterns of change that begin at conception and continue through life. Heredity refers to genetic inheritance. State of health is a subjective conditi

Question 15

Which of the following terms is used to describe the development of an individual’s ability to distinguish right from wrong and to develop ethical values on which to base his or her actions?

Answer 15

Moral development -Correct
Cognitive development
Psychosocial development
Psychoanalytic development

Moral development is the process by which the individual learns to distinguish right from wrong and acquires ethical values on which to base his or her actions.

Question 16

Which of the developmental stages defined by Freud is a time of turbulence during which earlier sexual urges reawaken and are directed to an individual outside the family circle?

Answer 16

Anal
Genital- Correct
Latency
Phallic or Oedipal

The genital stage is the final stage of psychosexual development and is a time of turbulence during which earlier sexual urges reawaken and are directed to an individual outside the family.

The anal stage is the second stage in which the focus of pleasure changes to the anal zone.

The phallic or Oedipal stage is the third stage in which the genital organs become the focus of pleasure. The latency stage is the fourth stage during which sexual urges are repressed and channelled into productive activities that are socially acceptable.’

Question 17

The nurse teaches parents how to help their children to learn impulse control and cooperative behaviours. This would occur during which of the stages of development defined by Erikson?

Answer 17

Trust versus mistrust
Initiative versus guilt
Identity versus role confusion
Autonomy versus sense of shame and doubt= Correct

In Erikson’s stage of autonomy versus
sense of shame and doubt, toddlers learn to achieve self-control and willpower.

Trust versus mistrust is the first stage, during which children develop faith and optimism.

The stage of initiative versus guilt occurs from ages 3 to 6 years, during which children develop direction and purpose.

During the stage of identity versus role confusion, adolescents develop a sense of who they are and acquire a unique identity.

Question 18

A 47-year-old woman expresses dismay to the nurse that her young adult children are unemployed. Her husband is working and near retirement. She is not working and feels bored with her life and unneeded. She is experiencing which of Erikson’s stages of development

Answer 18

Integrity versus despair

The stage of generativity versus self-absorption and stagnation occurs in middle age and represents a time when individuals want to play a role in the development of the next generation.

In the stage of integrity versus despair, during older adulthood, the individual either views life with despair and regret or acquires wisdom.

Intimacy versus isolation is a stage seen in young adults. Identity versus confusion is the stage seen during puberty.

Question 19

During which stage of cognitive development does the individual’s thinking move to abstract and theoretical subjects and possibly venture into topics such as achieving world peace, finding justice, and seeking meaning in life?

Answer 19

Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Formal operations= Correct
Concrete operations

During the formal operations stage of development, the individual’s thinking moves from abstract to theoretical subjects.

During the concrete operations stage, children achieve the ability to perform mental operations.

During the sensorimotor stage, infants develop the schemas or action patterns for dealing with the environment.

During the preoperational stage, children learn to think using symbols and mental images.

Question 20

During which stage of moral developmental identified by Kohlberg is the individual’s moral reasoning based on personal gain?

Answer 20

Preconventional

At the preconventional stage of moral development, moral reasoning is based on the individual’s personal internalization of societal and others’ expectations, and a focus on how to avoid punishment.

An individual with the instrumental relativist orientation recognizes that there is more than one right view.

At the conventional stage of moral development, the person’s moral reasoning is based on his or her personal internalization of societal and others’ expectations.

Postconventional reasoning focuses on social orientation and ethical principles.

Question 21

A 10-year-old Grade 5 student enjoys having his artwork displayed on the family refrigerator. This behaviour is indicative of which developmental stage as described by Erikson?

Answer 21

Initiative versus guilt
Intimacy versus isolation
Industry versus inferiority= Correct
Identity versus role confusion

School-age children (ages 6 to 10) are eager to work and play, and thrive on their accomplishments and praise, a characteristic of the industry-versus-inferiority stage.

The initiative-versus-guilt stage applies to children 3 to 6 years of age, when children begin to develop a conscience.

The stage of identity versus role confusion applies to young people at the time of puberty, while the intimacy-versus-isolation stage applies to young adults, who begin to develop close, meaningful relationships.

Question 22

According to Havighurst, the achievement of developmental tasks that are necessary for later adult development is greatly affected by which of the following?

Answer 22

Success in school Correct

Havighurst, as an educator, believed that schools have a lot of responsibility in helping a child attain the success needed for later development.

Achievement affects preparation for a career rather than the reverse.

Acceptance by peers, not parents, is stressed in Havighurst’s theory.

The temperament of the child is a factor emphasized in the theory of Stella Chess and Alexander Thomas

Question 23

Which of the following is a statement about normal growth and development on which effective nursing care is based

Answer 23

success in one phase of growth and development affects the ability to complete later phases successfully

Repeated developmental failures can result in deficiencies in subsequent stages.

You should be alert to these developmental stages.

Patterns of growth and development are predictable.

The rate varies, but the pattern does not.

Development progresses from simple to complex.

Growth occurs at different rates in different individuals in the same developmental stage.

Question 24

Physical growth involves which of the following?

Answer 24

Strengthening of skeletal structures

Physical growth is measurable and includes changes in height, weight, bones, teeth, and so on.

Development is demonstrated by changes in the level of skill.

Learning how to respond in social situations describes maturation.

Improved performance on intellectual tasks is related to cognitive development

Question 25

Physical growth involves which of the following?

Answer 25

Strengthening of skeletal structures

Physical growth is measurable and includes changes in height, weight, bones, teeth, and so on.

Development is demonstrated by changes in the level of skill.

Learning how to respond in social situations describes maturation.

Improved performance on intellectual tasks is related to cognitive development

Question 26

Which of the following is an example of development?

Answer 26

A 7-month-old infant pulls up to a standing position.

Question 27

The parents of a 2-year-old child are concerned that the child wants to do everything by himself and seems to be rejecting their authority. The nurse’s response should be based on which of the following?

Answer 27

Answer: The independence displayed by the child is a normal result of maturation.

The child in this stage of development learns self-care activities and develops autonomy as part of the maturation process.

Reassurance is helpful, but limiting choices will reduce the development of independence.

Two-year-olds need supervision rather than strict control.

The need for autonomy is typical of the 1- to 3-year-old child.

Question 28

When caring for a hospitalized adolescent, the nurse can best meet the adolescent’s developmental needs by doing which of the following?

Answer 28

Answer: Explaining procedures and including the adolescent in decision making

Adolescents need to participate in decisions regarding their care.

They need to understand and are capable of understanding treatment issues.

Providing diversions would be more appropriate for a school-aged child at the industry-versus-inferiority stage.

Adolescents need parental presence but are also moving toward independence and separation from the family.

A significant other is more relevant for a young adult, who is developmentally ready for intimacy.

Question 29

The despair associated with old age, as described by Erikson, is related to which of the following?

Answer 29

Answer: Physical changes that alter older adults’ perception of self-worth

Persons of all ages need to feel valued. Loss of function due to physical changes can decrease self-esteem.

Involvement in activities appropriate to one’s age can increase the sense of belonging and self-worth.

Participation in family activities leads to feelings of being needed.

Although mistakes can cause feelings of failure, generally people learn and grow after making them.

Question 30

According to Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, the child aged 7 to 11 years demonstrates concrete operations when he or she does which of the following?

Answer 30

Answer:
Recognizes that friends may perceive things differently

The concrete operations stage from 7 to 11 years is characterized by the child’s ability to think through things without performing them and mentally understand a viewpoint different from his or her own.

Parallel play is characteristic of a younger child, 2 to 7 years of age. Simple communication skills are typical up to 7 years of age.

Then the child begins to add a mental element that shows further development of communication.

Abstract thinking is typical of an older child, 11 years to adulthood.

Question 31

Moral development theory differs from cognitive development theory in what way?

Answer 31

Moral development theory characterizes the value system of people and their respect for others. Correct

Moral development theory describes values and the way people act toward one another

No effective way exists to predict a person’s behaviour or reaction in unknown situations.

Cognitive development focuses on the thinking or intellectual aspect of development, not physical growth and development.

Personality is related to moral development.

Question 32

According to Crittenden’s dynamic maturational model, human development is a function of which of the following?

Answer 32

Answer=The interaction between brain development and experiences with caregivers that are central to self-protective strategies that individuals use over their lifespan

Individuals utilize attachment strategies to promote safety and security in relationships.

These strategies are developed and adapted over their lifespan, based initially on adaptive strategies developed in early relationships with caregivers.

Neither A nor B is correct, as both options are limited to either childhood or adulthood.

The dynamic maturational model pertains to attachment relationships over the lifespan; thus, attachment strategies can intensify or change in response to evolving attachment relationships.

It does not relate to the maturity level of the patient.