Growth & Dev't Chapter 21 Flashcards
Taking a Lifespan Approach
“From conception until death, humans share a common developmental path, but each person travels that path in unique ways.”
(Gregory, Raymond-Seniuk, Patrick & Stephen, 2015)
Growth
Increase in physical size and capacity
Includes changes in height, weight, increased size and functioning of internal organs, increasing brain & nervous system capacity
Development
Development
Continuous process of increased skills & ability to function
Milestones in development – infant walking
Principles of Growth and Development
G & D-continuous process – pace is uneven
G&D – involves interactions of genetics/environment
D – proceeds from head down, and body outward
D – proceeds from simple to complex, general to specific
D – sequence predictable but timing and duration variable
Sensitive periods with G&D – biological maturity required to achieve skills
Developmental Stages
Infancy – birth -1 yr – high dependency
Toddler – 1-3 – rapid development of motor skills, language, exploration, limit testing
Preschool – 3-6 – physical growth rate slows – social skills
School age – 6-12 – increase in cognitive/social skills –agile
Adolescence- 13-19 – puberty – sexual development, personal identity/values
Young adulthood – 20-35 – career, lifestyle, intimate relationships & family
Middle adulthood – 36-65 – career/family est. lifestyle changes
Late adulthood – 65 > - reflection, satisfaction with life
Factors Affecting G&D
Genetic, environmental, interacting factors
Heredity Temperament Family Peer group Health environment Nutrition Rest, sleep, exercise Living environment Political and policy environment Life experiences Prenatal health State of health
DEVELOPMENTAL THEORIES
Freud’s Theory of psychosexual development
Piaget’s Theory of moral cognitive development
Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages of Development
Moral Development – Kohlberg/Gilligan
Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development
A child’s moral development does not advance if the child’s cognitive development does not also mature
Levels and stages do not occur at specific ages; people attain different levels of moral development
- Preconventional level
- Conventional level
- Postconventional level
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
Examines how people learn to think and make sense of their world
Four stages Sensorimotor (birth to 2 years) Preoperational (2 to 7 years of age) Concrete operations (7 to 11 years of age) Formal operations (11 years to adulthood
Psychoanalytic and Psychosocial Theory
Describes development from personality, cognitive, and behavioural perspectives
Sigmund Freud
*balance between pleasure-seeking drives/societal pressures
*Psychosexual developmental stages
Stage 1: Oral (birth to 12–18 months)
Stage 2: Anal (12–18 months to 3 years)
Stage 3: Phallic or Oedipal ( 3 to 6 years)
Stage 4: Latency (6 to 12 years)
Stage 5: Genital (puberty through adulthood)
Erik Erikson
Mastering one task before the next is necessary for success in life
Individuals need to accomplish one task before moving on to another
Nurses who use developmental theories to understand their patients know that people experience which of the following?
a. Themes or tasks at different stages of their lives- ANSWER
b. The need to develop certain characteristics during their lives
c. Delayed development as a result of illness
d. The same stages at specific points throughout their lives
Children generally double their birth weight by 5 months of age. This is an example of which of the following principles?
Heredity
Development
State of health
Physical growth- Correct
Growth encompasses physical changes that occur from the prenatal period through older adulthood. Development refers to the patterns of change that begin at conception and continue through life. Heredity refers to genetic inheritance. State of health is a subjective conditi
Which of the following terms is used to describe the development of an individual’s ability to distinguish right from wrong and to develop ethical values on which to base his or her actions?
Moral development -Correct
Cognitive development
Psychosocial development
Psychoanalytic development
Moral development is the process by which the individual learns to distinguish right from wrong and acquires ethical values on which to base his or her actions.
Which of the developmental stages defined by Freud is a time of turbulence during which earlier sexual urges reawaken and are directed to an individual outside the family circle?
Anal
Genital- Correct
Latency
Phallic or Oedipal
The genital stage is the final stage of psychosexual development and is a time of turbulence during which earlier sexual urges reawaken and are directed to an individual outside the family.
The anal stage is the second stage in which the focus of pleasure changes to the anal zone.
The phallic or Oedipal stage is the third stage in which the genital organs become the focus of pleasure. The latency stage is the fourth stage during which sexual urges are repressed and channelled into productive activities that are socially acceptable.’
The nurse teaches parents how to help their children to learn impulse control and cooperative behaviours. This would occur during which of the stages of development defined by Erikson?
Trust versus mistrust
Initiative versus guilt
Identity versus role confusion
Autonomy versus sense of shame and doubt= Correct
In Erikson’s stage of autonomy versus
sense of shame and doubt, toddlers learn to achieve self-control and willpower.
Trust versus mistrust is the first stage, during which children develop faith and optimism.
The stage of initiative versus guilt occurs from ages 3 to 6 years, during which children develop direction and purpose.
During the stage of identity versus role confusion, adolescents develop a sense of who they are and acquire a unique identity.
A 47-year-old woman expresses dismay to the nurse that her young adult children are unemployed. Her husband is working and near retirement. She is not working and feels bored with her life and unneeded. She is experiencing which of Erikson’s stages of development
Integrity versus despair
The stage of generativity versus self-absorption and stagnation occurs in middle age and represents a time when individuals want to play a role in the development of the next generation.
In the stage of integrity versus despair, during older adulthood, the individual either views life with despair and regret or acquires wisdom.
Intimacy versus isolation is a stage seen in young adults. Identity versus confusion is the stage seen during puberty.
During which stage of cognitive development does the individual’s thinking move to abstract and theoretical subjects and possibly venture into topics such as achieving world peace, finding justice, and seeking meaning in life?
Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Formal operations= Correct
Concrete operations
During the formal operations stage of development, the individual’s thinking moves from abstract to theoretical subjects.
During the concrete operations stage, children achieve the ability to perform mental operations.
During the sensorimotor stage, infants develop the schemas or action patterns for dealing with the environment.
During the preoperational stage, children learn to think using symbols and mental images.
During which stage of moral developmental identified by Kohlberg is the individual’s moral reasoning based on personal gain?
Preconventional
At the preconventional stage of moral development, moral reasoning is based on the individual’s personal internalization of societal and others’ expectations, and a focus on how to avoid punishment.
An individual with the instrumental relativist orientation recognizes that there is more than one right view.
At the conventional stage of moral development, the person’s moral reasoning is based on his or her personal internalization of societal and others’ expectations.
Postconventional reasoning focuses on social orientation and ethical principles.
A 10-year-old Grade 5 student enjoys having his artwork displayed on the family refrigerator. This behaviour is indicative of which developmental stage as described by Erikson?
Initiative versus guilt
Intimacy versus isolation
Industry versus inferiority= Correct
Identity versus role confusion
School-age children (ages 6 to 10) are eager to work and play, and thrive on their accomplishments and praise, a characteristic of the industry-versus-inferiority stage.
The initiative-versus-guilt stage applies to children 3 to 6 years of age, when children begin to develop a conscience.
The stage of identity versus role confusion applies to young people at the time of puberty, while the intimacy-versus-isolation stage applies to young adults, who begin to develop close, meaningful relationships.
According to Havighurst, the achievement of developmental tasks that are necessary for later adult development is greatly affected by which of the following?
Success in school Correct
Havighurst, as an educator, believed that schools have a lot of responsibility in helping a child attain the success needed for later development.
Achievement affects preparation for a career rather than the reverse.
Acceptance by peers, not parents, is stressed in Havighurst’s theory.
The temperament of the child is a factor emphasized in the theory of Stella Chess and Alexander Thomas
Which of the following is a statement about normal growth and development on which effective nursing care is based
success in one phase of growth and development affects the ability to complete later phases successfully
Repeated developmental failures can result in deficiencies in subsequent stages.
You should be alert to these developmental stages.
Patterns of growth and development are predictable.
The rate varies, but the pattern does not.
Development progresses from simple to complex.
Growth occurs at different rates in different individuals in the same developmental stage.
Physical growth involves which of the following?
Strengthening of skeletal structures
Physical growth is measurable and includes changes in height, weight, bones, teeth, and so on.
Development is demonstrated by changes in the level of skill.
Learning how to respond in social situations describes maturation.
Improved performance on intellectual tasks is related to cognitive development
Physical growth involves which of the following?
Strengthening of skeletal structures
Physical growth is measurable and includes changes in height, weight, bones, teeth, and so on.
Development is demonstrated by changes in the level of skill.
Learning how to respond in social situations describes maturation.
Improved performance on intellectual tasks is related to cognitive development
Which of the following is an example of development?
A 7-month-old infant pulls up to a standing position.
The parents of a 2-year-old child are concerned that the child wants to do everything by himself and seems to be rejecting their authority. The nurse’s response should be based on which of the following?
Answer: The independence displayed by the child is a normal result of maturation.
The child in this stage of development learns self-care activities and develops autonomy as part of the maturation process.
Reassurance is helpful, but limiting choices will reduce the development of independence.
Two-year-olds need supervision rather than strict control.
The need for autonomy is typical of the 1- to 3-year-old child.
When caring for a hospitalized adolescent, the nurse can best meet the adolescent’s developmental needs by doing which of the following?
Answer: Explaining procedures and including the adolescent in decision making
Adolescents need to participate in decisions regarding their care.
They need to understand and are capable of understanding treatment issues.
Providing diversions would be more appropriate for a school-aged child at the industry-versus-inferiority stage.
Adolescents need parental presence but are also moving toward independence and separation from the family.
A significant other is more relevant for a young adult, who is developmentally ready for intimacy.
The despair associated with old age, as described by Erikson, is related to which of the following?
Answer: Physical changes that alter older adults’ perception of self-worth
Persons of all ages need to feel valued. Loss of function due to physical changes can decrease self-esteem.
Involvement in activities appropriate to one’s age can increase the sense of belonging and self-worth.
Participation in family activities leads to feelings of being needed.
Although mistakes can cause feelings of failure, generally people learn and grow after making them.
According to Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, the child aged 7 to 11 years demonstrates concrete operations when he or she does which of the following?
Answer:
Recognizes that friends may perceive things differently
The concrete operations stage from 7 to 11 years is characterized by the child’s ability to think through things without performing them and mentally understand a viewpoint different from his or her own.
Parallel play is characteristic of a younger child, 2 to 7 years of age. Simple communication skills are typical up to 7 years of age.
Then the child begins to add a mental element that shows further development of communication.
Abstract thinking is typical of an older child, 11 years to adulthood.
Moral development theory differs from cognitive development theory in what way?
Moral development theory characterizes the value system of people and their respect for others. Correct
Moral development theory describes values and the way people act toward one another
No effective way exists to predict a person’s behaviour or reaction in unknown situations.
Cognitive development focuses on the thinking or intellectual aspect of development, not physical growth and development.
Personality is related to moral development.
According to Crittenden’s dynamic maturational model, human development is a function of which of the following?
Answer=The interaction between brain development and experiences with caregivers that are central to self-protective strategies that individuals use over their lifespan
Individuals utilize attachment strategies to promote safety and security in relationships.
These strategies are developed and adapted over their lifespan, based initially on adaptive strategies developed in early relationships with caregivers.
Neither A nor B is correct, as both options are limited to either childhood or adulthood.
The dynamic maturational model pertains to attachment relationships over the lifespan; thus, attachment strategies can intensify or change in response to evolving attachment relationships.
It does not relate to the maturity level of the patient.
