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WEEK 4 SEM 4 > Growth charts and their uses > Flashcards

Growth charts and their uses Flashcards

1
Q

Why do we monitor growth?

A
  • public health reasons

- clinical practice reasons

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2
Q

What are the public health reasons why we monitor growth?

A
  • screen and survey population to see growth trends

e. g. recognise obesity and see what is being done

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3
Q

What are the clinical practice reasons of monitoring growth?

A
  • assess health and nutrition of child
  • diagnose disease
  • monitor disease
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4
Q

When are babies weighed?

A
  • birth
  • first few weeks of life
  • first year
  • then no routine check unless they want to check at GP or A&E
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5
Q

Where are the weight measurements inputted?

A
  • red book

- usually parents don’t fill this in after the 1st year

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6
Q

How do we monitor growth?

A
  • weight
  • height
  • head circumference
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7
Q

How is weight measured?

A
  • babies= no clothes of nappy
  • older children= vest, pants, no shoes, no dolls/teddies in hands
  • only class III clinical electronic scales in metric setting should be use
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8
Q

How is height measured in babies under 2?

A
  • babies under 2= use proper equipment e.g. length board/mat bc accurate
  • 2 measureres need to measure
  • without nappy or footwear
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9
Q

How is height measured over the age of 2?

A
  • use T piece or stadiometer
  • ensure heels, bottom, back and head touching apparatus
  • eyes and ears at 90 degrees
  • no shoes
  • measure on expiration
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10
Q

Why is it hard to measure the height of a baby until the age of 2?

A
  • bc baby cant stant
  • hard to keep baby still
  • hard to stretch baby out
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11
Q

How do you measure head circumference?

A
  • use narrow plastic of disposable paper tape

- measure where the head is widest (usually on forehead above ears)

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12
Q

Why is measuring the circumference of the head hard?!

A
  • hard to measure
  • depends on person measuring
  • depend on where tape is placed on head
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13
Q

Why is measuring head circumference important?

A
  • can indicate raised intracranial pressure

- indicate any head problems

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14
Q

What do you do once you have measured the height, weight and head circumference?

A
  • plot on a graph
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15
Q

What is the purpose of growth chart?

A
  • displays data and patterns
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16
Q

Why are there lines already on growth charts?

A
  • they are data from cross sectional studies on children’s growth at all ages
  • lines are based on SD from the mean
  • each line represents 2 or 2 SDs
  • lines evenly spread
17
Q

What could have been a problem before with growth charts?

A
  • could have been representative of certain ethnic group
    (older charts represented a certain group of people)
  • now shows standard of how a child should grow
18
Q

What does normal growth of a child depend on?

A
  • ethnicity
  • black babies = heavier, more muscle mass
  • south Asian babies = smaller
  • social class- nutrition
19
Q

In the UK, what are the 2 charts used?

A
  • 0-4 years use the UK-WHO chart

- 2-18 years chart used in school

20
Q

How is the 0-4 years UK WHO chart made?

A
  • made looking at baby growth patterns when BREAST FED MILK

- can measure occipital-frontal circumference in the first 2 years of life

21
Q

Why are breastfed babies used as a variable?

A
  • babies on breast milk grow optimally
22
Q

What does the UK WHO graph miss out?

A
  • chart shows no data for first 2 weeks of life
  • bc baby loses weight
  • lose all the excess blood, fluids etc in the first two weeks
  • so weighing baby now is no indication of the weight in the future
23
Q

What does the UK WHO have separate?

A
  • pre-term section for babies who are born pre-term (below 37 weeks)
24
Q

Explain the 2- 18 year old chart used in schools?

A
  • used in schools
  • take into account puberty
  • section to measure parental height = to determine child height in future
25
Q

How are growth charts plotted?

A
  • single dot plotted
  • look at age, weight, length, head circumference
  • important to have frequent measurements to spot a pattern
26
Q

How do you plot a preterm baby on a growth chart?

A
  • babies born between 37 and 42 weeks plot at 0 on the main chart
  • babies born before 37 weeks use preterm section, and then transfer over at corrected age.
27
Q

For example if a baby is born at 34 weeks, how would you fill in a graph?

A
  • 34 weeks= 6 weeks early
  • plot on preterm chart until they are 8 weeks old (42 gestation weeks)
  • transfer to main chart
  • make dot at 8 weeks of life
  • make arrow back to 2 weeks
    (see pic on mohibs)
28
Q

What factors are growth affected by?

A
  • nutrition
  • genetics
  • hormones
  • timing of puberty
  • diseases
29
Q

How does nutrition affect growth?

A
  • main influence in womb
  • birth weight in normal babies reflects mother’s placental function
  • after birth nutrition important too
30
Q

How do genetics affect growth?

A
  • after 1st year, genetics get important

- tall parents have tall kids lol

31
Q

Which hormones affect growth?

A
  • GH
  • Thyroid hormone
  • Sex steroids

GH deficiency picked up from early school age
can give daily GH injections

32
Q

How does puberty timing affect growth?

A
  • sex steroids = active in puberty = play part in growth
33
Q

Who enters puberty faster?

A
  • girls
  • so girls taller than boys at start of secondary school
  • growth in girls ends soon after periods start at the end of puberty.
34
Q

What is different about growth spurt in boys than in girls?

A
  • growth spurt in boys comes later and lasts longer

- so get taller height in general

35
Q

How can disease affect growth?

A
  • intake (can’t feed)
  • metabolism (increased energy requirements)
  • output (absorption of nutrients)
36
Q

What is showing in a growth velocity graph?

A
  • rate of growth highest in first year of life
  • lowest growth rate in primary school age
  • growth rate rise at puberty
  • growth rate falls again at puberty end
37
Q

What are problems with growth?

A
  • Faltering growth
  • Short stature- not meeting height potential
  • underweight- thin older children- BMI less than 2nd centile for age and gender
  • overweight - child over 91st centile for age and gender= BUT COULD JUST BE TALL AND HEAVY WHICH MIGHT BE NORMAL NOT OVERWEIGHT
  • obese - Child with BMI over 98th centile for age and gender
38
Q

What could be the problem with underweight children?

A
  • protection issue
  • disease
  • lacking nutrients
39
Q

What is BMI?

A
  • how much weight shoubd be for certain height

- NOT MEASURING adiposity (fat)

WEEK 4 SEM 4 (6 decks)

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