Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Molecular Medicine > Growth And Division Of Cell > Flashcards

Growth And Division Of Cell Flashcards

1
Q

3 roles of Mitogenic and growth factors

A
  1. Stimulate cell division (eg. Hormones (Oestrogen), cytokines/growth factors(EGF))
  2. Stimulate protein synthesis (eg. mTOR pathway)
  3. Survival factors prevent apoptosis (maintain the balance between cell death and cell division)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the regulatory progress involved in cell growth and cell cycle regulation?

A
  1. Cell cycle progression
  2. Cell cycle checkpoints
  3. Role of tumour suppressors
  4. cdc25c phosphate-CDK 1 regulation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the regulators of cell cycle progression?

A

[Cyclins, Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)]—> forms Cyclin-CDKs Complex

Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CDKi)

Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are the families of protein kinases first discovered for their role in regulating the cell cycle. They are also involved in regulating transcription, mRNA processing, and the differentiation of nerve cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the extracellular factors that regulate cell growth and proliferation?

A
  1. Mitogenic
  2. Growth factors (EGF, BFGF, BDGF)
  3. Extracellular matrix (cell-cell/ cell-matrix contact)
  4. Ions such as Ca2+
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the cyclin and kinase involved in

Function: Progression past the restriction point at the G1/S boundary

A

Cyclin: D
Kinase: CDK4, CDK6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the cyclin and kinase involved in

Function: Inhibition of DNA synthesis in early S phase

A

Cyclin: E,A
Kinase: CDK2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the cyclin and kinase involved in

Function: Transition from G2 to M

A

Cyclin: B
Kinase: CDK1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the 3 checkpoints that are being regulated at cell cycle?

A

G1 (Restriction) Checkpoint
G2/M checkpoint
M (spindle/ metaphase-anaphase) checkpoint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is checked during

G1( Restriction checkpoint)

A

Integrity of DNA and other external factors

Influenced by
Growth factors
Nutrients
Cell size
DNA damage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is checked during

G2 (G2/M) checkpoint

A

Completely replicated chromosome and DNA damage

Influenced by
Cell size
DNA damage
DNA replication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is checked during

M (spindle/ Metaphase-Anaphase) checkpoint

A

Ensure all sister chromatids are correctly attached to the spindle microtubules before cell enters the irreversible anaphase stage

Influenced by
Chromosome attachments to spindle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What protein is involved in checkpoint regulation?

A 
Retinoblastoma Protein (RB protein)
-Tumour suppressor function in resting or G1 phase of the cell cycle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How does RB protein regulate cell cycle in

Resting cells

A

Partially phosphorylated Retinoblastoma (RB) protein, which prevents entry into S-phase by binding to transcription factor E2F & its binding partner DP1/2 (critical for G1/S transition)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How does RB protein regulate cell cycle in

Actively cycling cell

A

Progressive hyperphosphorylation of Retinoblastoma (RB) protein, which is achieved by
I)Growth factor signaling
II) Activation of Cyclin D-CDK4/6
III) Cyclin E-CDK2

CDK4/6 can be inhibited by p16 (CDKi)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

If RB protein is hyperphosphorylated during G1 phase, what will happen?

A

Hyperphosphorylated RB protein will dissociates from E2F and cell moves out of G1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What happens if p53 gene is mutated?

A

Inappropriate cell survival and proliferation

17
Q

What are the factors that stimulate stable, active p53?

A
  1. Hyperproliferative signals
  2. DNA damage
  3. Telomere shortening
  4. Hypoxia
18
Q

What happens when stable active p53 is stimulated?

A
  1. Cell cycle arrest
  2. Senescence
  3. Apoptosis
19
Q

What are the steps for activation of cell cycle (G2 checkpoint) starting from

Inactive CDK1

A

Inactive CDK1 –> Cdc25c remove inhibitory P from CDK1 –> CDK1 binds to cyclin B (forms CDK1- cyclin B complex) –>Activate mitosis related subcellular components

20
Q

During G2 checkpoint in cell cycle, what will happen if the cell cycle have to be suspended prior to chromosome segregation?

A

Cdc25c will be inactivated by ATM and ATR

21
Q

What are the types of DNA damage?

A

Replication errors
Chemical exposure
Oxidative stress
Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during cellular metabolism

22
Q

What are the DNA damage-induced responses?

A

ATM and ATR, which activates p53

ATM - mediator of the response to dsDNA breaks (by inonization
radiation)

ATR - mediating UV-induced DNA damage

23
Q

What are the response by S phase cell if there is DNA damage?

A

Rate of DNA synthesis is slower

Molecular Medicine (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions