Growth and Development Flashcards
What is growth?
- growth is an increase in physical size
- predictable and symmetrical pattern
- measurable
- and you continue to grow for approximately 20 years
What is Development?
- represents an increase in skills needed to function
- usually results in achievement of increasingly complex tasks
- predictable pattern
- continues through the life span
Cephalocaudal and Proximodistal
head to tail
midline to outside
What are the infant growth trends?
- in the first 6 months infants grow: 1.5 lbs/month and 1 inch/month
- in the last 6 months infants grow: 3/4 lb/month and 0.5 inch/month
- double the birthweight in 6 months
- triple birthweight in 1 year
Infant Fontanel posterior
small- occipital closes by two months
infant fontanel anterior
diamond shape- large frontal. closes by 12-18 months
when do we measure an infants head circumference?
under 2 years
What are the infant gross motor milestones?
5 mo-head lag gone and rolls abdomen to back
6 mo- sits with support and rolls back to abdomen
7 mo- sits alone, leaning forward on hands
8 mo- sits without support
10 mo- maneuver from prone to sitting
9 mo- crawls
10 mo- creeps pulls to stand
11 mo- cruises
12 mo- first steps
Trust vs. Mistrust
- birth to 12 months
- relationship with primary caregiver
- meet basic needs
- need for non-nutritive sucking
- positive resolution achieved through consistency of care from caregivers
Temperament
- General Behavioral style- the how of behavior
- nature vs. Nurture
sensorimotor
- Birth-18 month
- moves from being primarily reflexive to voluntary response
- recognize cause and effect
- distinguishes parent as separate from self
Nutrition for infant
- breast milk alone for the first 6 months
- need source of iron at 6 months
- weaning
- whole milk
Introducing solids for infants
- introduce one at a time
- no infa-feeders
foods to avoid for infants
honey
peanuts
egg whites
infant sleep
- avoid placing in adult bed
- sleeping through the night is variable- dont re-enforce undesirable responses
non-nutritive sucking
- pacifiers/fingers sucking
- wean from pacifier after 6 months to avoid increase risk of otitis
infant motor development
- tummy time
- play time on floor
- avoid use of walkers too early b/c not enough back support
- no walkers with wheels
Car seat safety
- rear facing for the first year and 20 lbs
- middle backseat
- no air bags
- secure as directed and get them tight
Toddler growth
- birth weight quadruples by 2.5 yrs
- by age 2 yrs, height is 505 of eventual adult height
Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt
13 month-36 months
-I am a separate being from you
what are characteristics of autonomy vs. Shame & doubt
- negativistic
- ritualistic
- socially: parallel play, does not like strangers or sharing
- motor: run, clumsy
- language: multi word sentences
- positive resolution: self control w/o loss of self-esteem
Sensorimotor (12-18 mo)/ Pre-Operations (18-36mo)
-Tranductive reasoning: a dog has 4 legs therefore all 4 legged animals are dogs
-Irreversibility of actions: cant think it through
Not logical
-animism. engage in fantasy
Toilet Training
- motor & cognitive development ready by 24 mo
- must understand what you want them to do
- appropriate clothing
- preferred toilet
- positive reinforcement only
Toddler Discipline
- set limits and do not change your mind
- variety is key
- a minute is forever
preschool growth
- weight- yearly gain around 2-3 kg (4.5-6.5 lbs)
- height- yearly gain of 5-7.5 cm)
Initiative vs. guilt
3-5 years
- need to achieve
- trying is everything
- very social
- positive resolution: learning the degree to which assertiveness & purpose influence the environment. Developing conscience
Preschool Psychosocial Development
- proficient language: literal
- talk incessantly
- ask “why?”
- Curious
- rapid growing vocab & attempt to use may stutter
Preschool cognitive development preoperations
- pre-logical. They sound logical at times but the realization is not there
- animism
- imaginary friends
- cant separate fact and fantasy
- limited body boundaries
preschool safety
- strangers
- safe touches
- burns
- bicylces
- drowning
- MVAs: under 4 and 40 lbs need child seat, 4-8 booster seat less than 80 lbs or 4’9
School age growth
- weight- yearly gain 2-3 kg (4.5-6.5 lbs)
- height- yearly gain of 5 cm
Industry vs. Inferiority
6-12 years
- well coordinated
- succeeding in school and self esteem
- competent & competitive
- social
- peers importance and parent importance
- positive resolution: develops a sense of competence and perseverance
School age cognitive development Concrete operations
- logical
- can think things through
- deal best with something they have had previous experience
- thought processes less self-centered
- want to participate in their own care
Adolescent Growth
Pubertal Growth Spurt
- females 10-14 yrs:
- mean weight gain of 17.5 kg (38 1/3 lbs)
- height 2-10”
- approximately 95% of mature height is achieved by onset of menarche
- Males 11-16 years
- mean gain 33.5 kg (15 1/4 lbs)
- height gain of 4-12”
- 95% of mature height by 16 years
Sexual maturation
- secondary sexual characteristics develop during puberty
- occurs in predictable sequence
- time of onset and rate of progression varies from child to child
Tanner staging Female
stage 1: no signs of breast changes or pubic hair
stage 2: small breast buds with enlargement of the areola & dark, straight pubic hair
stage 3: increase of breast & areola areas; coarse, curly pubic hair
stage 4: secondary mound occurs in the breast at the areola, pubic hair is adult like
stage 5: breast buds now mature, pubic hair adult like
Tanner staging Male
stage 1: no pubic hair or changes in genitalia
stage 2: initial enlargement of the scrotum &testicles, reddening & textural change in scrotum, fine, straight hair at base of penis
stage 3: further enlargement of penis with continued changes in scrotum, pubic hair darker & coarser & extends across pubis
stage 4: penis continues to grow in diameter with development of glans larger & broader, hair curly & more abundant, scrotum darker
stage 5: adult appearance
Identity vs, Role Diffusion
13-18 years
- consider the adolescent in 3 sub stages- early (13-14), middle (15-16), & late (17-18)
- growth- pubertal changes
- peers become priority
- positive resolution: coherent sense of self & the ability to actualize ones abilities
Adolescents
- pre-occupied with appearance-body image
- thinks they are the focus of attention
- this pre-occupation with self may also include being indestructible
Adolescent cognitive development Formal Operations
- ability to abstract
- can consider situations with which they have never had experience
- idealistic
