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Pediatric Nursing > Growth and Development > Flashcards

Growth and Development Flashcards

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1
Q

What is growth?

A
  • growth is an increase in physical size
  • predictable and symmetrical pattern
  • measurable
  • and you continue to grow for approximately 20 years
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2
Q

What is Development?

A
  • represents an increase in skills needed to function
  • usually results in achievement of increasingly complex tasks
  • predictable pattern
  • continues through the life span
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3
Q

Cephalocaudal and Proximodistal

A

head to tail

midline to outside

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4
Q

What are the infant growth trends?

A
  • in the first 6 months infants grow: 1.5 lbs/month and 1 inch/month
  • in the last 6 months infants grow: 3/4 lb/month and 0.5 inch/month
  • double the birthweight in 6 months
  • triple birthweight in 1 year
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5
Q

Infant Fontanel posterior

A

small- occipital closes by two months

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6
Q

infant fontanel anterior

A

diamond shape- large frontal. closes by 12-18 months

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7
Q

when do we measure an infants head circumference?

A

under 2 years

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8
Q

What are the infant gross motor milestones?

A

5 mo-head lag gone and rolls abdomen to back
6 mo- sits with support and rolls back to abdomen
7 mo- sits alone, leaning forward on hands
8 mo- sits without support
10 mo- maneuver from prone to sitting
9 mo- crawls
10 mo- creeps pulls to stand
11 mo- cruises
12 mo- first steps

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9
Q

Trust vs. Mistrust

A
  • birth to 12 months
  • relationship with primary caregiver
  • meet basic needs
  • need for non-nutritive sucking
  • positive resolution achieved through consistency of care from caregivers
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10
Q

Temperament

A
  • General Behavioral style- the how of behavior

- nature vs. Nurture

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11
Q

sensorimotor

A
  • Birth-18 month
  • moves from being primarily reflexive to voluntary response
  • recognize cause and effect
  • distinguishes parent as separate from self
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12
Q

Nutrition for infant

A
  • breast milk alone for the first 6 months
  • need source of iron at 6 months
  • weaning
  • whole milk
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13
Q

Introducing solids for infants

A
  • introduce one at a time

- no infa-feeders

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14
Q

foods to avoid for infants

A

honey
peanuts
egg whites

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15
Q

infant sleep

A
  • avoid placing in adult bed

- sleeping through the night is variable- dont re-enforce undesirable responses

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16
Q

non-nutritive sucking

A
  • pacifiers/fingers sucking

- wean from pacifier after 6 months to avoid increase risk of otitis

17
Q

infant motor development

A
  • tummy time
  • play time on floor
  • avoid use of walkers too early b/c not enough back support
  • no walkers with wheels
18
Q

Car seat safety

A
  • rear facing for the first year and 20 lbs
  • middle backseat
  • no air bags
  • secure as directed and get them tight
19
Q

Toddler growth

A
  • birth weight quadruples by 2.5 yrs

- by age 2 yrs, height is 505 of eventual adult height

20
Q

Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt

A

13 month-36 months

-I am a separate being from you

21
Q

what are characteristics of autonomy vs. Shame & doubt

A
  • negativistic
  • ritualistic
  • socially: parallel play, does not like strangers or sharing
  • motor: run, clumsy
  • language: multi word sentences
  • positive resolution: self control w/o loss of self-esteem
22
Q

Sensorimotor (12-18 mo)/ Pre-Operations (18-36mo)

A

-Tranductive reasoning: a dog has 4 legs therefore all 4 legged animals are dogs
-Irreversibility of actions: cant think it through
Not logical
-animism. engage in fantasy

23
Q

Toilet Training

A
  • motor & cognitive development ready by 24 mo
  • must understand what you want them to do
  • appropriate clothing
  • preferred toilet
  • positive reinforcement only
24
Q

Toddler Discipline

A
  • set limits and do not change your mind
  • variety is key
  • a minute is forever
25
Q

preschool growth

A
  • weight- yearly gain around 2-3 kg (4.5-6.5 lbs)

- height- yearly gain of 5-7.5 cm)

26
Q

Initiative vs. guilt

A

3-5 years

  • need to achieve
  • trying is everything
  • very social
  • positive resolution: learning the degree to which assertiveness & purpose influence the environment. Developing conscience
27
Q

Preschool Psychosocial Development

A
  • proficient language: literal
  • talk incessantly
  • ask “why?”
  • Curious
  • rapid growing vocab & attempt to use may stutter
28
Q

Preschool cognitive development preoperations

A
  • pre-logical. They sound logical at times but the realization is not there
  • animism
  • imaginary friends
  • cant separate fact and fantasy
  • limited body boundaries
29
Q

preschool safety

A
  • strangers
  • safe touches
  • burns
  • bicylces
  • drowning
  • MVAs: under 4 and 40 lbs need child seat, 4-8 booster seat less than 80 lbs or 4’9
30
Q

School age growth

A
  • weight- yearly gain 2-3 kg (4.5-6.5 lbs)

- height- yearly gain of 5 cm

31
Q

Industry vs. Inferiority

A

6-12 years

  • well coordinated
  • succeeding in school and self esteem
  • competent & competitive
  • social
  • peers importance and parent importance
  • positive resolution: develops a sense of competence and perseverance
32
Q

School age cognitive development Concrete operations

A
  • logical
  • can think things through
  • deal best with something they have had previous experience
  • thought processes less self-centered
  • want to participate in their own care
33
Q

Adolescent Growth

A

Pubertal Growth Spurt

  • females 10-14 yrs:
    • mean weight gain of 17.5 kg (38 1/3 lbs)
    • height 2-10”
    • approximately 95% of mature height is achieved by onset of menarche
  • Males 11-16 years
    • mean gain 33.5 kg (15 1/4 lbs)
    • height gain of 4-12”
    • 95% of mature height by 16 years
34
Q

Sexual maturation

A
  • secondary sexual characteristics develop during puberty
  • occurs in predictable sequence
  • time of onset and rate of progression varies from child to child
35
Q

Tanner staging Female

A

stage 1: no signs of breast changes or pubic hair
stage 2: small breast buds with enlargement of the areola & dark, straight pubic hair
stage 3: increase of breast & areola areas; coarse, curly pubic hair
stage 4: secondary mound occurs in the breast at the areola, pubic hair is adult like
stage 5: breast buds now mature, pubic hair adult like

36
Q

Tanner staging Male

A

stage 1: no pubic hair or changes in genitalia
stage 2: initial enlargement of the scrotum &testicles, reddening & textural change in scrotum, fine, straight hair at base of penis
stage 3: further enlargement of penis with continued changes in scrotum, pubic hair darker & coarser & extends across pubis
stage 4: penis continues to grow in diameter with development of glans larger & broader, hair curly & more abundant, scrotum darker
stage 5: adult appearance

37
Q

Identity vs, Role Diffusion

A

13-18 years

  • consider the adolescent in 3 sub stages- early (13-14), middle (15-16), & late (17-18)
  • growth- pubertal changes
  • peers become priority
  • positive resolution: coherent sense of self & the ability to actualize ones abilities
38
Q

Adolescents

A
  • pre-occupied with appearance-body image
  • thinks they are the focus of attention
  • this pre-occupation with self may also include being indestructible
39
Q

Adolescent cognitive development Formal Operations

A
  • ability to abstract
  • can consider situations with which they have never had experience
  • idealistic

Pediatric Nursing (4 decks)

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