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Pediatric Nursing > Growth and Development > Flashcards

Growth and Development Flashcards

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1
Q

growth expectations

A 
double birth weight by 4 - 6 months
triple birth weight by 12 months
length increases 50% by 1 year
gain 1/2 oz/day as infants (first six months)
weight gain slows down for toddlers
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2
Q

primitive reflexes

A 
tonic neck (asymmetrical and symmetrical)
doll-eye
palmar grasping 
moro
babinski
sucking
searching/rooting
plantar grasp
startle
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3
Q

speech & hearing: birth - 3 months

A

blinks or jumps at sudden, loud noises
quiets or smiles when spoken to
“ohh” or “ahh” sounds

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4
Q

speech & hearing: 3 - 6 months

A

looks for sound with eyes
starts babbling (baba, gaga, mama, dada)
uses many sounds, squeals, and chuckles

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5
Q

speech & hearing: 6 - 9 months

A

turns head towards sound
understand “no-no” and “bye-bye”
babbles

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6
Q

speech & hearing: 6 - 12 months

A

repeats simple words and sounds made by adults
responds to singing or music
points to favorite toys and objects when asked
correctly uses “mama” and “dada”

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7
Q

rudimentary manipulative abilities: (reaching)

1 -3 months

A

globular ineffective reach

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8
Q

rudimentary manipulative abilities: (reaching)

4 months

A

definite corralling reach

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9
Q

rudimentary manipulative abilities: (reaching)

6 months

A

controlled reach

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10
Q

rudimentary manipulative abilities: (grasping)

birth

A

reflexive grasp

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11
Q

rudimentary manipulative abilities: (grasping)

3 months

A

voluntary grasp

two-handed palmar grasp

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12
Q

rudimentary manipulative abilities: (grasping)

5 months

A

one-handed palmar grasp

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13
Q

rudimentary manipulative abilities: (grasping)

9 months

A

pincer grasp

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14
Q

rudimentary manipulative abilities: (grasping)

14 months

A

controlled grasp

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15
Q

rudimentary manipulative abilities: (grasping)

19 months

A

eats without assistance

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16
Q

rudimentary manipulative abilities: (releasing)

12 - 14 months

A

basic release

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17
Q

rudimentary manipulative abilities: (releasing)

18 months

A

controlled release

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18
Q

one month physical growth

A 
gains about 1/2 - 1 oz/day
grows about 1 inch/month
head circumference increases 2 cm/month
strong primitive reflexes
obligatory nose breather
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19
Q

one month gross motor skills

A

assumes flexed position
can lift head momentarily from prone position
move head side to side
head lag

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20
Q

one month fine motor skills

A

hands predominantly closed
grasp reflex strong
hand clutches on contact with rattle

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21
Q

one month sensory

A

able to fixate on moving object in 45 degree when held 8-10” away
follows light to midline
visual acuity 20/100
quiets when hears a voice

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22
Q

2 months physical growth

A

posterior fontanel closes

crawling reflex disappears

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23
Q

2 months gross motor skills

A

maintains head in same plane as rest of body when held in ventral suspension
can lift head 45 degrees in prone position

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24
Q

2 months fine motor skills

A

grasp reflex fading

hold hands open more often

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25
Q

2 months sensory

A

turns head to side when sound is made at ear level
visually follows object beyond midpoint
laughs/vocalizes
smiles spontaneously/responsively

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26
Q

3 months gross motor skills

A 
primitive reflexes fading
regards own hand
only slight head lag when pulled to sitting position
bears weight on forearms
scoots
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27
Q

3 months fine motor skills

A

grasp reflex absent

clutches own hand, pulls at blankets and clothes

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28
Q

3 months sensory

A

follows object 180 degrees

locates sounds

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29
Q

4 months gross motor

A

drooling begins
balances head well in sitting position
can sit erect if propped
rolls from back to side

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30
Q

4 months fine motor skills

A

inspect and plays with hands
overreaches objects with hands
carry objects in mouth

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31
Q

4 months sensory

A

visually accommodate to near objects

beginning hand-eye coordination

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32
Q

5 months physical growth

A

signs of tooth eruption

birth weight doubles

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33
Q

5 months gross motor skills

A

can turn over from abdomen to back postion
can put feet into mouth
no head lag

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34
Q

5 months fine motor skills

A

voluntarily grasps objects
take objects directly to mouth
hold one cube while regarding a second cube

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35
Q

5 months sensory

A

visually pursues a dropped object

sustained inspection of an object

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36
Q

6 months gross motor skills

A

rolls from back to abdomen position
sits in high chair with back straight
can bear almost all weight when held in standing position
crawls

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37
Q

6 months physical growth

A 
growth rate declines
gains 3-4oz/week
grows 1/2 in/month
incisors come in
chewing and biting
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38
Q

6 months fine motor skills

A

can pick up a dropped object
drops one cube when given another
holds bottle
can manipulate small objects

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39
Q

6 months sensory

A

prefers more complex visual stimulation
turns head side to side or up/down to see object
feeds self

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40
Q

7 months physical growth

A

upper incisors erupt

parachute reflex appears

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41
Q

7 months gross motor skills

A

sits, leaning forwards with both hands

bounces actively when held standing

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42
Q

7 months fine motor skills

A

transfers objects from hand to hand
bangs cube on table
rakes at small objects

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43
Q

7 months sensory

A

responds to own name
beginning awareness of depth and space
taste preferences

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44
Q

8 months physical growth

A

bowel and bladder pattern become regular

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45
Q

8 months gross motor skills

A

sits steadily unsupported

can maneuver from sitting to kneeling

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46
Q

8 months fine motor skills

A

beginning pincer grasp
releases small objects at will
can pull a string to obtain object
reaches for out-of-reach toys

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47
Q

9 months gross motor skills

A

creeping on hands and knees
recovers balance when leaning forward
pulls self to standing position on furniture

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48
Q

9 months physical growth

A

upper lateral incisors may erupt

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49
Q

9 months fine motor skills

A

uses thumb and index finger in crude pincer grasp

preference for dominant hand

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50
Q

9 month sensory

A

better depth perception
waves
single syllables
dada/mama nonspecific

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51
Q

10 months gross motor skills

A

labyrinth-righting reflex
prone –> sitting
standing to sitting position by falling
can lift one foot to step

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52
Q

10 months fine motor skills

A

can grasp bell by handle

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53
Q

11 months physical growth

A

lower lateral incisors erupt

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54
Q

11 months gross motor skills

A

walks along furniture

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55
Q

11 months fine motor skills

A

neat pincer grasp
drop objects deliberately
puts one object after another into container (sequential play)

56
Q

12 months physical growth

A 
BW X3
birth length increased by 50%
head and chest circumference is equal
anterior fontanel almost closed
babinski reflex disappears
57
Q

12 months gross motor skills

A

walks with one hand held
can try to stand alone or take first step alone
controlled sit from standing without help

58
Q

12 months fine motor skills

A

releases cube in cup
tries to build 2 block tower
can turn pages in a book several at a time

59
Q

12 months sensory

A 
discriminates simple geometric shapes
can follow rapidly moving object
imitate sounds and activities
protodeclaritive pointing
play pat-a-cake
60
Q

immunizations - birth

A

hepatitis B

61
Q

immunizations - 2 months

A

DTaP, RV, IPV, Hib, PCV, Hep B

62
Q

immunizations - 4 months

A

DTaP, RV, IPV, Hib, PCV

63
Q

immunizations - 6 months

A

DTaP, RV, IPV, Hib, PCV

64
Q

infant safety

A 
falls
aspiration/suffocation
poisoning
drowning
MVA
SIDS
65
Q

toddler growth

A

anterior fontanel closes at 18 months
4X BW by 30 months
grow 3 in/yr

66
Q

15 months gross motor skills

A

walks without help

creeps up stairs

67
Q

15 months fine motor skills

A

uses cup

builds 2 block tower successfully

68
Q

18 months gross motor skills

A

throws a ball overhand
runs clumsily; falls often
pulls and pushes toys
jumps up and down with both feet

69
Q

18 months fine motor skills

A

manages spoon without rotation
turn pages in a book, two or three at a time
builds tower of 3-4 blocks

70
Q

2 years gross motor skills

A

walks up and down stairs by placing both feet on steps

71
Q

2 years fine motor skills

A

builds tower out of 6 - 7 blocks

turn pages in a book one at a time

72
Q

2.5 years gross motor skills

A

jumps across floor using both feet and off a chair or step
stand on one foot momentarily
takes a few steps on tiptoe

73
Q

2.5 years fine motor skills

A

draws circles

has good finger-hand coordination

74
Q

15 months social & language

A

1 - 3 words

75
Q

18 months social & language

A

point to at least 1 body part
removes garment
help in house
3 - 6 words

76
Q

2 years social & language

A

combine word sentences
name 1 picture
point to 2 pictures
put on clothing

77
Q

2.5 years social & language

A 
knows 2 actions
speech half understandable
point to 6 body parts
name 1 picture
wash and dry hands
78
Q

toddler psychosocial: erikson

A

autonomy vs shame and doubt

toddlers attempting to do everything themselves

79
Q

toddler cognitive: piaget

A 
sensorimotor stage --> preoperation stage 19 - 24 months
object permanence fully develops
demonstrate memories
domestic mimicry
symbolizes objects
80
Q

toddler moral - kohlberg

A

egocentric

punishment and obedience

81
Q

immunizations: 12 - 15 months

A

Hib, PCV, MMR, Varicella

82
Q

immunizations: 12 - 23 months

A

Hep A

83
Q

immunizations: 15 - 18 months

A

DTaP

84
Q

toddler safety

A 
choking
car seats
falls
burns
drowning
balloons
85
Q

infant rudimentary locomotor tasks (horizontal movements)

A

3 months – scooting
6 months – crawling
9 months – creeping
11 – walking on all fours

86
Q

infant rudimentary locomotor tasks - upright gait

A 
6 months – walks with support
10 months – walks with handholds
11 months – walks with lead
12 months – walks alone (hands high)
13 months – walks alone (hands low)
87
Q

infant stability tasks:

control of head and neck

A 
Birth – turns to one side
1 week – turns to both sides
1 month – held with support
2 months – chin off contact surface
3 months – good prone control
5 months – good supine control
88
Q

infant stability tasks:

control of trunk

A

2 months – lifts head and chest
3 months – Attempts supine to prone position
6 months – Success in supine to prone roll
8 months – Prone to supine roll

89
Q

infant stability tasks:

sitting

A

3 months – sits with support
6 months – sits with self-support
8 months – sits alone

90
Q

infant stability tasks:

standing

A

6 months – stands with support
10 months – support with handholds
11 months – pulls to supported stand
12 months – stands alone

91
Q

infant sleep

A

Colic
Age to sleep through night varies
Usually by 12 months 1 – 2 naps/day
Sleep on back to limit risk of SIDS

92
Q

infant nutrition

A 
BM/formula w/iron
Iron > 4 months for BF babies
Solids starts at 6 months
Vitamin D for all
Readiness for solids
93
Q

toddler nutrition

A 
Picky eaters
Self-regulate
Milk 24 – 40 oz/day 
Limit juice 4 – 6 oz/day
One cup of fruit/day
94
Q

toddler age appropriate activities

A 
Filling and emptying containers
Playing with blocks
Looking at books
Push-up toys
Tossing balls
Finger paints
Large-piece puzzles
Thick crayons
95
Q

preschool growth

A

4-6 lb/yr
2.6-3.5 in/yr
3 years – wt. 14.5 kg (35 lb) ht. 95 cm (37.5 in)
4 years – wt. 16.5 kg (36.5 lb) ht. 103 cm (40.5 in)
5 years – wt. 18.5 kg (41 lb) ht. 110 cm (43.5 in)

96
Q

3 years gross motor skills

A

rides tricycle
jumps off bottom step
balance on each foot for a few seconds
broad jump

97
Q

3 year fine motor skills

A

thumb wiggle
imitate vertical line
tower of 8 cubes

98
Q

4 years gross motor skills

A

skips and hops on each foot
throws ball overhand
catches ball reliably

99
Q

4 years fine motor skills

A

draw person with 3 parts

tower of 8 cubes

100
Q

5 years motor skills

A

jumps rope
walks backward with heel to toe
throws and catches ball with ease

101
Q

3 years social & language

A 
Dresses self
Knows own gender
Speech all understandable
Name 1 color
Know 2 adjectives
Name 4 pictures
Name a friend
Brush teeth with help
Parallel and associative play
102
Q

4 years social and language

A 
Independent
Associative play
Sexual exploration
Curiosity
Define 5 words
Name 4 colors
Speech all understandable
Copy a cross
Copy a circle
103
Q

preschool - piaget

A 
preoperational stage
magical thinking
animism
centration
time
104
Q

preschool - erikson

A

initiative vs guilt

  • Energetic learners, despite not having all capabilities to be successful at everything
  • Guilt can occur when they believe the misbehaved or when unable to accomplish a task
105
Q

preschool - kohlberg

A

good-bad orientation

106
Q

preschool nutrition

A

Still picky but improves with age
Consume approx. ½ energy the adults do
13 – 19 g/day in protein with addition of calcium, iron, folate, and vitamins A & C

107
Q

preschool - sleep

A 
Sleep disturbances surface
Night light
Consistency in routine
No TV before bed!
Favorite toy
Leave a drink of water by bedside
Reassure
108
Q

preschool safety

A 
Guns
Stranger danger
Helmets
Car seats/booster seats
Pedestrian safety
109
Q

preschool age appropriate activities

A 
Playing pretend/dress-up
Role playing
Hand puppets
Painting
Simple sewing
Reading books
Wading pools
Sand boxes
Skating
Computer programs
Musical toys
Electronic games
110
Q

school age growth

A

2 inch/year
4.5 – 6.6 lb/year
Slow and steady

111
Q

6 years motor skills

A 
Use knife to spread butter
Cuts, fold, pastes paper
Sews crudely
Bathing and bedtime activities independently
Reads from memory
Spells
Table games: Checkers and Card games
Develops concept of numbers
Knows morning or afternoon
Knows right and left hands
112
Q

7 years motor skills

A 
Uses knife to cut meat
Brushes and combs hair
Likes to help out
Notice items missing from pictures
Can copy a diamond
Repeats three numbers backwards
Develops concept of time
Read ordinary clock or watch
113
Q

8 years motor skills

A 
Uses common tools (hammer, screwdriver)
Helps with routine household tasks
Does chores
Like magazines
Likes school
Takes music and sports
Make change out of a quarter
Knows the date
Has collections
114
Q

school age - piaget

A 
Concrete operations
Transitions from perceptual to conceptual thinking
Masters the observation of conservation
Learns to tell time
Classifies more complex information
Able to see the perspective of other
Able to solve problems
115
Q

school age - erikson

A

Industry vs Inferiority

Development through skills and knowledge that allows the child to provide meaningful contributions

116
Q

early school age - kohlberg

A

Do not understand the reasoning behind rules and expectations for behavior
Believe what they think is wrong and what other tells them is right
Judgment is guided by rewards and punishment
Sometimes interpret accidents as punishments

117
Q

late school age - kohlberg

A

Able to judge intentions of an act rather than just its consequences
Understand different point of view instead of just whether an act is right or wrong
Conceptualizes treating others as they like to be treated

118
Q

school - age self -esteem

A

Experiences of success
Reasonable risk-taking behavior
Resilience and ability to handle failure
Supportive family and peer relationships

119
Q

school-age: family

A 
Expectation and limit setting
Family times together
Communication
Family responsibilities
Family transitions
Sibling relationships
Caregiver relationships
120
Q

school-age nutrition

A 
Obesity is a concern
Model good habits
Avoid using food as a reward
Emphasize physical activity
Ensure balance diet
Avoid eating fast food regularly
Avoid skipping meals
121
Q

school-age - sleep

A

Variable
Approx. 9 hours/night
Less resistance to go to bed

122
Q

school-age: safety

A 
Guns
Helmets
Car seats/ booster seats
Pedestrian safety
Drug education
Sex education
123
Q

6 - 9 years age appropriate activities

A 
Simple board and number games
Hopscotch
Jump rope
Collects rocks, stamps, cards, coins, or stuffed animals
Ride bikes
Build simple models
Join organized sports
124
Q

9 - 12 years age appropriate activities

A 
Crafts
Build models
Collect things/engage in hobbies
Solve jigsaw puzzles
Play board and card games
Join organized sports
125
Q

adolescents - general physical growth

A

Final 20 – 25% of growth occurs
Girls stop growing 2 – 2.5 years after menarche
Boys stop growing by age 18 – 20

126
Q

adolescents - piaget

A

Formal operations
Able to think through more than two categories of variables concurrently
Capable of evaluating the quality of their own thinking
Able to maintain attention for longer periods of time
Highly imaginative and idealistic
Increasingly capable of using formal logic to make decisions
Think beyond current circumstance
Able to understand how the actions of an individual influence others

127
Q

adolescents - erikson

A

identity vs role confusion

Adolescents develop a sense of personal identity, and come to view themselves as unique individuals.

128
Q

13 - 15 years physiological growth

A 
Onset of puberty
Growth spurt
Sexual maturation:
o	Girls: 
   	Breast development
   	Pubic hair growth
   	Axillary hair growth
   	Menstruation
o	Boys:
   	Testicular enlargement
   	Pubic hair growth
   	Penile enlargement
   	Growth of axillary hair
   	Facial hair growth
   	Vocal changes
129
Q

13 - 15 years pyschological

A 
Concrete thought
Preoccupation with rapid body changes
Sexual identity 
Questioning independence
Parental control remains strong
130
Q

13 - 15 years potential problems

A 
Delayed puberty
Acne
Orthopedic problems
School problems
Psychosomatic concerns
Depression
Unintended pregnancy
Initiation of tobacco, alcohol, or other drug use
131
Q

15 - 17 years psychological

A

Competence in abstract and future thought
Idealism
Sense of invincibility or narcissism
Sexual identity
Beginning of cognitive capacity to provide legal consent

132
Q

15 - 17 years social

A 
Beginning emotional emancipation
Increased power of peer group
Conflicts over parental control
Interests in sexual relationships
Initiation of driving
Risk-taking behavior
Transition to high school
Reduced involvement in extracurricular activities
Possible cultural conflict as adolescent navigates between family’s values and values of broader culture and peer culture
133
Q

15 - 17 years potential problems

A 
MVAs
Menstrual disorders
Unintended pregnancies
Acne 
Short stature - males
Conflicts with parents
Overweight
Physical inactivity
Poor eating behaviors
Eating disorders
134
Q

18 - 19 years psychological

A

Future orientation
Emotional independence
Unmasking of psychiatric disorders
Capacity for empathy, intimacy, and reciprocity in interpersonal relationships
Legally capable of giving consent
Attainment of legal age for some issues (eg. Voting), but not all issues (drinking, alcohol)

135
Q

18 - 19 years social

A

Individual over peer relationships
Transition in parent-child relationship
Transition out of home
May begin preparation for further education, career, marriage, and parenting

136
Q

18 - 19 years potential problem

A 
Eating disorders
Depression
Suicide 
MVAs
Unintended pregnancy
Acne
Smoking, alcohol, or drug dependence
137
Q

adolescents - safety

A 
Guns
MVA
Texting & driving
Depression/suicide
Substance abuse

Pediatric Nursing (1 decks)

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