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Child and Family SB > Growth and Development > Flashcards

Growth and Development Flashcards

1
Q

what is the z-score/standard deviation score

A

number of standard deviation from the mean

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2
Q

when does a child show normal growth

A

Their measurements are within the normal range compared with children of their age

Their rate of growth is within the normal range compared with children of their age

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3
Q

how should babies be weighed

A

without any clothes or nappies

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4
Q

how should children older than 2 be weight

A

in vest and pants

but not in shoes or anything in their hands

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5
Q

rule for plotting on a growth chart

A
  • record measurement and date in ink, plot in pencil
  • use dot, do not join up
  • age in weeks for first 6-12 months
  • calendar months thereafter
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6
Q

what is a centile space

A

distance between two gentile lines

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7
Q

what is average age of girls entering puberty

A

11

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8
Q

what do we use to stage puberty

A

Tanner system

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9
Q

what are the stages of female puberty

A

Thelarche - breast budding
Adrenarche - body hair and odour
Menarche - periods start (usually 2 years post thelarche)

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10
Q

when is puberty considered delayed

A

the absence of secondary sexual development in a girl aged 13 or a boy aged 14 years

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11
Q

what are the principle of development

A

Continuous process
Maturation of nervous system - development is dependant on this
Sequence same but rate varies
Cephalocaudal direction - head to tail. Start with gaining head control and then trunk and then legs.
Generalised mass activity changing to more specific controlled movements

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12
Q

what are the 4 areas of development

A

Gross motor
Fine motor and vision
Language and hearing
Social behaviour and play

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13
Q

what are the milestones for gross motor development

A 
Head control - 3 months
Sitting balance - 6 months
Crawling - 9 months
Standing - 12 months
Runs - 18 months
Stairs – 2 feet/tread - 24 months
Stairs – alternate feet - 36 months
Hops - 48 months
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14
Q

what are the primitive reflects of motor development

A

Sucking and rooting (baby feels breast touch cheek, baby instinctively know to turn)

Palmar and plantar grasp (something placed on palm of hand or plantar of foot, fingers/toes will curl round)

ATNR (if head falls back, babies arm move to curl round as if to grab something)

Moro

Stepping and placing

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15
Q

what does ATNR stand for

A

asymmetrical tonic neck reflex

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16
Q

what are the milestones for fine motor and vision

A 
Hand regard in midline - 3 months
Grasps toy - palmar - 6 months
Scissor grasp - 9 months
Pincer grasp - 12 months
Tower of 3-4 bricks - 18 months
Tower of 6-7/scribble - 24 months
Tower of 9 bricks/copies circle  - 36 months
Draws simple man - 48 months
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17
Q

what are the milestone for hearing and language

A

Vocalises - 3 months
Babbles - 6 months
Imitates sounds - 9 months
Knows name - 12 months
2 body parts/5-20 words - 18 months
Simple instructions/50+ words - 24 months
Complex instructions/asks questions - 36 months
Can tell stories of experiences - 48 months

18
Q

what are the milestones for social behaviour and play

A

Social smile - 6 weeks
Pleasure on friendly handling - 3 months
Plays with feet/friendly with strangers - 6 months
Plays peek-a-boo/stranger awareness - 9 months
Drinks from cup/waves bye-bye - 12 months
Feeds with spoon - 18 months
Symbolic play/puts on some clothes - 2 years
Pretend interactive play/toilet-trained - 3 years
Understands turn-taking/dresses fully - 4 years

19
Q

what is the definition of developmental delay

A

Failure to attain appropriate developmental milestones for child’s corrected chronological age.

20
Q

what are the patterns of abnormal development

A

Delay

  • Global (delay in all 4 categories)
  • Specific (delay in 1 category)

Deviation eg Autism Spectrum

Regression (loss of skill)

21
Q

what are red flags for development

A 
Asymmetry of movement
Not reaching for objects by 6 months - could be a visual or motor problem 
Unable to sit unsupported by 12 months
Unable to walk by 18 months
No speech by 18 months
Concerns re vision or hearing
Loss of skills
22
Q

what investigation should be done if a child cannot walk at 18 months

A

CK - muscle enzyme

could be DMD, CP, orthopaedic problem

23
Q

what is criteria for global development delay

A

Significant delay in 2+ of

  • gross/fine motor, speech/language,
  • cognition, social/personal, ADL (daily living)
24
Q

what is global development delay called in school age children

A

Learned disability

25
Q

what needs to be screened for Down’s syndrome and why

A

Cardiac - commonly ASD
Vision - bifocal glasses common
Hearing - narrow ear tubes, flatten head shape
Thyroid function - under active thyroid common
Sleep related breathing disorders - sleep apnoea
Growth- charts; tend to be shorter and gain weight more
Development

26
Q

what are causes of motor delay

A

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, Cerebral Palsy, Co-ordination disorders

27
Q

what are causes of language delay

A

specific language impairment

28
Q

what are causes of sensory deficits and associated delay

A

Oculocutaneous Albinism Treacher-Collins

29
Q

what are causes of developmental deviations

A

Autism Spectrum disorders

30
Q

what is associated with DMD

A

Gower’s manoeuvre

  • push their hands up their legs to stand up
31
Q

what conditions are associated with CP

A 
Mobility problems, spasticity and orthopaedic problems
Learning difficulties
Epilepsy
Visual/Hearing impairment
Communication difficulties
Feeding difficulties
Sleep problems
Behaviour problems - particularly in hemiplegic; common can be due to pain, frustration, abuse
32
Q

what is ocular albinism

A

affect pigmentation of eyes, hair and skin

vision is very poor

33
Q

what is treacher collins syndrome

A

condition that affects the development of bones and other tissues of the face

34
Q

what is the autistic triad

A

Communication
Social interaction
Flexibility of thought/ Imagination

35
Q

what are signs of autism

A

Restricted, repetitive behaviours

Sensory difficulties

36
Q

what are the two types of ASD communication

A

receptive
- delayed, expressive>receptive, abstract language difficult

expressive
- delayed, echoes, odd intonation/pitch, chunks of video speak

37
Q

when do individual children need further assessment of growth

A

when weight/height/BMI is below the 0.4th centile
if the height centile is more than 3 centile spaces below the mid-parental centile
a drop in height centile position of more than 2 centile spaces
smaller centile fails or discrepancies between child’s centile and parents if seen in combination

38
Q

what is Tanner stage 1/pre-puberty

A

No signs of pubertal development

High voices in males

39
Q

what is Tanner stage 2-3/In puberty in girls

A

any breast enlargement

pubic or axillary hair

40
Q

what is Tanner stage 2-3/In puberty in boys

A

slight deepening of the voice
early pubic or axillary hair growth
enlargement of testes or penis

41
Q

what is Tanner stage 4-5/completing puberty in girls

A

started periods with signs of pubertal development

42
Q

what is Tanner stage 4-5/completing puberty in girls

A

voice fully broken
facial hair
adult size of penis with pubic and axillary hair

Child and Family SB (4 decks)

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