Growth and Development

Question 1

Mortality

Answer 1

Rate of deaths

Infant mortality = # of deaths (infants 28 days- 1yr)/1,000 births

Question 2

Morbidity

Answer 2

Rate of occurrence

Question 3

Causes of death in infants

Answer 3

-congenital malformations
-low birth weight
-SIDS
-maternal complications
-unintentional injuries

Question 4

Causes of death in children (1-4 years)

Answer 4

-accidents/injuries
-congenital anomalies
-homicide

Question 5

Causes of death in children (5-14 years)

Answer 5

-unintentional injuries
-cancer
-suicide
- homicide

Question 6

Causes of death in adolescence

Answer 6

• unintentional injuries
• suicide
• homicide

Question 7

Major causes of illness in pediatrics

Answer 7

• respiratory infections
• injuries
• chronic disorders (asthma, sensory deficits, behavioral deficits/disorders)
  -diarrhea
  -UTI

Question 8

Directional trends in growth and development

Answer 8

Cephalocaudal: head to toe
— infants gain head and neck strength first

Proximodistal: midline to peripheral
— muscle development is central and gross motor develops then fine motor

Differentiation: development from simple to complex

Question 9

Sequential trends in growth and development

Answer 9

There is a definite and predictable sequence of growth
— infants can crawl then they stand, then walk

Question 10

Freud’s stages of development

Answer 10

5 stages of psychosexual development

1. Oral stage (0-1 year): pleasure centered on mouth- sucking, biting, chewing, vocalizing
2. Anal stage (1-3 years): interest on sphincter control; toilet trained children may feel bad if they regress
3. Phallic stage (3-6 years): genitals become interesting; GU surgery and catheters may be upsetting
4. Latency (6-12 years): energy channeled into play and gaining knowledge; nurses can explain what they are doing
5. Genital stage (12+): puberty; genital organs become source of sexual tension + pleasure; forming friendships

Question 11

Erikson’s stages of development

Answer 11

5 stages of psychosocial development

1. Trust vs mistrust (birth- 1 year)
2. Autonomy vs shame and doubt (1-3 years)
3. Initiative vs guilt (3-6 years)
4. Industry vs inferiority (6-12 years)
5. Identity vs role confusion

Question 12

Trust vs mistrust

Answer 12

Birth - 1 year

Needs consistent loving care; respond to needs
Infants develop trust to caregiver when their needs are met

Question 13

Autonomy vs shame & doubt

Answer 13

1-3 years

Want to control their bodies and environments
- nurses can give real choices and control (“do you want to watch paw patrol or Superman”)

Question 14

Initiative vs guilt

Answer 14

3-6 years

Explore the world, vigorous play; develop a conscience
- nurses can provide toys and things to stay occupied

Question 15

Industry vs inferiority

Answer 15

6-12 years

Want to engage in activities with real sense of achievement; learn to compete and cooperate with others

— nurses can set attainable goals; don’t expect something beyond their level

Question 16

Identity vs role confusion

Answer 16

12-18 years

Rapid physical changes; how others see them and how they see themselves

—nurses can enhance self-concept and encourage peer involvement

Question 17

Piaget’s theory of cognitive development

Answer 17

4 stages

1. Sensorimotor stage (birth- 2): progress form simple reflexes to imitative behaviors
2. Preoperational (2-7 years): egocentric (inability to put oneself in the place of others); reasoning is transductive (events that are occurring at the same time are cause + effect)
   —nurses can give simple concrete explanations
3. Concrete operational (7-11 years): increased logic + problem solving; respond to anticipatory guidance and more complex explanations
4. Formal operational (11+): thought is more adaptable, can think in abstract terms; understand consequences for actions