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ASC 300 > Growth and development > Flashcards

Growth and development Flashcards

1
Q

prenatal development stages

A

Ovum
Embryonic
Fetal

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2
Q

Ovum Phase

A

Shortest phase
cleavage-massive increase in cell # and decrease in cell size
increase in DNA, with no protein synthesis

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3
Q

Embryonic phase

A

formation of ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
starts to take form

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4
Q

Fetal phase

A

Starts to look like something else, organ and tissue development

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5
Q

Muscle cells

A

cells that are designed for a specific type of tissue or structure are called determined or committed cells

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6
Q

myoblasts (muscle regulatory genes)

A

capable of making new myoblasts
don’t contain contractile proteins

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7
Q

differentiate

A

stop dividing

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8
Q

align

A

membrane fuse to form an immature muscle fiber (myotube)

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9
Q

myotube (more=bigger muscle)

A

Scaffolding for the formation of muscle fibers

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10
Q

What will myoblasts do to the myotubes

A

myoblasts will align themselves along the primary myotubes

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11
Q

What do myotubes and myoblasts do together

A

fuse together to form secondary tube

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12
Q

What happens after formation of secondary tube

A

intervention occurs
splinter away (receives a nerve)
forms myofibers

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13
Q

Myogenesis

A

occurs during the firs 2/3 of prenatal development

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14
Q

What matures quicker and slower?

A

bone and muscle - quicker
fat - slower

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15
Q

Determinant growth

A

grow to a given size (mammals)

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16
Q

Indeterminate growth

A

no predetermined size, will grow to available nutrients and environment, can create muscle fibers

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17
Q

Post natal growth

A

Phase 1-4 and myogenesis

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18
Q

Phase I

A

15-20% total growth
slow growth of all tissue
organs, bone, muscle

19
Q

Phase II

A

75% of total growth
organ and bone growth complete
muscle hitting maximal growth
fat accumulates slowly

20
Q

Phase III

A

80-90% of growth complete and of muscle deposited
rapid accumulation of fat

21
Q

Phase IV

A

90-95% of additional growth is fat
5-10% of gain is muscle

22
Q

Myogensis

A

Muscle coming to be
Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia

23
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increase in cell size (post natal)

24
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increase in cell # (prenatal)

25
Q

Muscle growth

A

increase in muscle fiber
radial
longitudinal

26
Q

radial muscle growth

A

fibers split to form new myofibers
induced hypertrophy

27
Q

longitudinal muscle growth

A

stretch induced hypertrophy
bone growth
add sarcomeres
growth occurs at the end of the muscle

28
Q

Protein turnover

A

process of building protein
replacing it with newly synthesized protein

29
Q

protein accretion

A

more synthesis than degradation

30
Q

atrophy

A

more degradation than synthesis

31
Q

protein degradation

A

proteolysis breaking down proteins into peptides and amino acids

32
Q

lysosomal system

A

sarcoplasmic proteins
25-30%

33
Q

calpain system

A

post mortem tenderness
majority of protein degradation

34
Q

ubiquitin-proteosome proticolytic pathway

A

binds to protein, targets the protein for degradation

35
Q

Satellite cells

A

differentiate and enter the cell
create more DNA units
more protein synthesis
hypertrophy

36
Q

factors that affect growth

A

genetics, nutrition, hormones, growth promotants

37
Q

Genetics

A

double muscled, increases in fibers and myotubes, mutation of myostatin gene

38
Q

Nutrition

A

Poor nutrition can affect muscle size

39
Q

Sex hormones

A

testosterone, increase bone growth, increase protein synthesis

40
Q

estrogen

A

facilitates fat deposition, stimulates muscle growth, very anabolic in ruminants

41
Q

Growth hormone or somatropin

A

production of insulin, increase protein synthesis and decrease protein degradation, increases lipolysis

42
Q

Insulin

A

increases storage of glucose and glycogen, fatty acids, amino acids

43
Q

Leptin

A

decrease food intake, increase energy expenditure, decrease fat mass

44
Q

Growth promotants

A

increase muscle cell size, beef and swine implants

ASC 300 (3 decks)

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