Growth and Development Flashcards
Infant stage of Development
Birth to 12 months
Neonatal period is 0-28 days
Toddler stages of development
1-2 years
Preschool stage of development
2-5 years
School Age stage of development
6-11/12 years
Adolescence stage of development
12-18 years
What is Development?
The sequential process by which infants and children gain various skills and functions
Progressive
Development proceeds from
simple to complex
The general to the specific
In a cephalocaudal (head down to trunk) and proximodistal (trunk to limbs) progression
Attachment theory
that children are born with an innate need for secure and meaningful relationships with their mothers. This relationship will encourage positive cognitive and emotional development that help them survive into adulthood.
Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development
characterizes an individual advancing through the eight life stages as a function of negotiating their biological and sociocultural forces. The two conflicting forces each have a psychosocial crisis which characterizes the eight stages.
Piaget theory of cognitive development
- Sensorimotor
a. 0-2
b. Infant and early toddler learn about the world based on their different senses - Preoperational
a. 2-7
-Concrete thoughts
a. 7-11
- Formal operational
a. 12-18
b. We think and can problem some and reason through situations
c. Understands abstracts concepts, past and future
Infant development
Gross motors, head and neck
- New born barely able to lift head
- Important to think about infant reflexes
a. Movements that are predictable, involuntary responses to stimuli
b. 0-4 months Moro and startle reflex (clap hands or slightly drop an infant and their hands and legs extend and their eyes opens), 0-2-6 months
c. Suckling reflex. If you put a finger in their mouth they will suck until 4 months
d. Rooting reflex 2-6 months
e. Palmar reflex baby instinctively grabs. Disappear at 4 months
g. Stepping reflex- if you hold an infant upright and put a foot on a firm surface they will make a stepping motion 2 months - Sitting
a. 2 months old needs assistance. Parent sit behind them
b. 6-month-old can sit alone in the tripod position. Legs spread out and use arms in between to support
c. 8-month-old can sit without support and engage in play - Crawling
a. Not a good developmental indicator on its own as a vast difference in abilities, ages and some skip it all together. - Getting around
a. 1 year they stand independently from a crawl position and cruse around furniture. Can be seen at 9 months
b. 13 months they can walk and toddle quickly. Good anticipatory guidance for parents r/t importance of preparing the home and expect tumbles
Infant Development - Fine motor
- Newborns have very little control. Objects will be involuntarily grasped and dropped without notice via palmar reflex
- 6-month-old palmar grasp. Uses entire hand to pick up an object. Palmar reflex gone
- 9 months-pincer grasp- can grasp small objects using thumb and forefinger
Infant Development- Speech and Language
- 1-2 months, coos often to seeing a familiar face
- 2-6 months laughs and squeals with toys and familiar faces
- 12 months- mama and dada as sounds at first and they as understandable with meaning and vocabular is developing. 2 syllable words that means something to them based on familiar things in their lives.
Infant development - Hearing
- At birth universal newborn hearing screening for all newborn in Canada
a. Clap on each side of the head - On assessment remember to ask about ear infections and placement of tubes
a. ask if parent feel baby is hearing their voice and responding to loud noises - Early referral is essential (audiologist, SLP, ENT)
Infant Development- Infant play
- Play is an infants and child’s work and is a reflection of every aspect of development
- Solitary play
a. Not engaging with anyone else but have a toy
Toddlers (1-3 years) - Cognitive
a. egocentric and have no idea of cause and effect so safety is a challenge
Toddler- Gross Motor
- Begins to walk with ease
- 13 months Frankenstein walk using arms out to balance, gone by 18 months
- 15 months able to run, kicks and Thow’s ball well, jumps
Toddler - Fine Motor
- 12 months
a. Transfers objects from hand to hand, needs to come to midline - 24 months
a. Can hold crayon/markers and begins to color turn pages of book, builds tower of at least 6-7 blocks - 36 months
a. Copies a circle and cross shapes if asked they can color within the lines, builds towers of 9-10 blocks
Toddler- Speech and Language
- 18-20 months have 20-30 words, 50% understood by stranger
- 22-24 months use two-word sentences with over 50 words. 75% understood by strangers
- 30-36 months almost all speech is understood by strangers
Toddler- Play
- Parallel play
a. Play along side each other but no interaction between different kids
b. Tend to mimic what they see at home
c. Participate in imaginative play based on what they see adults doing
Preschool - Fine motor and cognitive
- Buttoning clothing
- Holding a crayon/pencil
- Building with small blocks
- Using scissors
- Playing a board game like snakes and ladders, go fish
- Have child draw pictures of himself with limited parts of the body
Preschool- Play
- Associative play
a. Recognize others are with them and interact
School Age
- Fine motor skills are refined and more focused
- Computers and gaming
- Play instruments like to piano or harmonica
- Legos to build cars and meaning to them
- Painting and art
- Stay in the lines if asked to do so
School Age- Gross Motor
- Usually by 6- 8 years old they are able to join teem sports and understand contributing to the team
- More coordinated, less falls and tumbles, can catch and kick
School Age- Cognitive
- Can focus and concentrate for longer periods of time
- More self directed and independent
- Successful in taking part in more challenging cognitive actives like reading writing and board games (monopoly)
School Age- Play
- Cooperative play
a. Understand being part of a bigger group and they understand their actions affect the group
Adolescence - Social and Cognitive
- Gain independence from adults’ influences
- Challenge adult authority and values
- Heavier reliance of peers socially
- Mood swings
- Become experimental with religion/spirituality, drugs, alcohol sexual activity, gender awareness and identity
Growth Assessment
- Represents quantitative changes such as height, weight, blood pressure and number of words in a child’s vocabulary
