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Orthodontics > Growth and Development > Flashcards

Growth and Development Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the growth site of the mandible?

A

Mandibular Condyle / condylar cartilage

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2
Q

What is osteogenesis?

A

Process of bone formation is called osteogenesis ?

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3
Q

Types of Osteogenesis ?

A
  1. Endochondral
  2. Intramembranous
  3. Both
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4
Q

What is Endochondral bone formation?

A

The bone formation is preceded by formation of cartilaginous model - which is replaced by bone.

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5
Q

Examples of Endochondral bone formation?

A

Ethmoid
Hyoid
Incus
Stapes

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6
Q

what is Intramembranous bone formation?

A

In intramembranous ossification - the bone is formed by secretion of bone matrix directly within the connective tissues, without any intermediate formation of cartilage.

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7
Q

Examples of Intramembranous bone formation?

A

Maxilla
Nasal Bones
Parietals
Zygoma
Vomer
Lacrimal
Zygomatic

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8
Q

Examples of bone where both intramembranous and endochondral ossification is seen in - ?

A

Occipital
Temporal
Sphenoid bones

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9
Q

Scammon’s Growth curve classifies body tissues into 4 types - each of these tissues grow at different times and rates - what are they ?

A
  1. Lymphoid Tissue
  2. Neural Tissue
  3. General or Visceral Tissue (muscles and bones)
  4. Genital tissues
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10
Q

Lymphoid Tissue from Scammon’s growth curve -

A

proliferates rapidly in late childhood and reaches 200% adult size. This is an adaptation to protect children from infections.
By the age of 18 years - lymphoid tissue undergoes involution to reach adult size

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11
Q

Neural Tissue from Scammon’s growth curve -

A

Grows very rapidly and reaches maximum size by 6-7 years of age.
Very little growth of neural tissue occurs after 6-7 years.

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12
Q

General or visceral tissue (muscles, bones) from Scammon’s growth curve -

A

Exhibits an S shaped curve with rapid growth up to 2-3 years followed by a slow phase of growth between 3-10 years
After 10 years - a rapid phase of growth occurs terminating by the 18th-20th years

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13
Q

Genital tissues from Scammon’s growth curve -

A

Shows negligible growth until puberty.
Grows rapidly at pubertal age and reaches adult size after which growth ceases.

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14
Q

Name the Theories of Growth

A
  1. sutural theory
  2. cartilaginous theory
  3. functional matrix theory
  4. servo system theory of growth (cybernatics)
  5. Multifactorial theory
  6. Genetic Theory
  7. Neurotropism
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15
Q

Servo system theory of growth was given by - ?

A

Petrovic and Chartier

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16
Q

Cartilaginous theory of growth was given by - ?

A

Scott

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17
Q

Sutural theory of growth was given by -?

A

Sicher

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18
Q

Functional matrix theory of growth was given by -

A

Melvin Moss

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19
Q

Multifactorial theory of growth was given by - ?

A

Vam Limborgh

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20
Q

How many bones are there in an infant skull as compared to an adult ?

A

At birth infant skull is composed of 45 bones which are reduced to 22 in adults

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21
Q

Greatest amount of cranial growth occurs by - ?

A

Birth to 5 years

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22
Q

At birth which structure is nearest the size it will eventually attain in adulthood

A

Cranium

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23
Q

What are epigenetic factors ?

A

Epigenetic factors are present outside the skull and manifests their influence in indirect way by intermediary action on associated structures
eg. Eyes, Brain

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24
Q

Genetic Theory - statement

A

Growth is controlled by genetic influence and is preplanned

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25
Q

Sicher’s Sutural Theory - statement

A

Growth in the sutures is responsible for craniofacial growth

26
Q

Van Limborgh’s theory - multifactorial theory - statement

A

Combines existing theory and states that - growth is under control of intrinsic genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors.

27
Q

Scott’s cartilaginous theory of growth - statement

A

Cartilaginous part of the skull and primary centers of growth with sutures being only secondary in nature.
According to scott - the nasal septal cartilage is the pacemaker for growth of entire naso-maxillary complex.

28
Q

Moss’s functional matrix theory of growth - statement

A

The growth of skeletal components largely depends on functional matrices or non-skeletal tissues

29
Q

The important synchondroses, the growth sites of cranial base, found in cranial base are -

A
  1. Spheno-occipital synchondrosis
  2. Spheno-ethmoid synchondrosis
  3. Inter- sphenoidal synchondrosis
  4. Intra-occipital synchondrosis
30
Q

Spheno-occipital synchondrosis

A
  • Principle growth cartilage of the cranial base during childhood.
  • It is cartilaginous junction between sphenoid and the occipital bone.
  • The direction of growth of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis upwards and forwards.
  • It closes at an average age of 18 years - ie early adult stage.
31
Q

Spheno-ethmoid synchondrosis

A

It is a cartilaginous band between the sphenoid and the ethmoid bones.
It ossifies by 5-25 years of age

32
Q

Inter- sphenoidal synchondrosis

A

It is a cartilaginous band between the 2 parts of the sphenoid and ethmoid bones.
It ossifies at birth

33
Q

Intra-occipital synchondrosis

A

Ossifies by the age of 3-5 years

34
Q

Remnants of Meckel’s Cartilage

A

AIMS
A - anterior ligament of malleus
I - Incus; Malleus
M - Mental Ossicles / mandibular symphysis
S - Sphenomandibular Ligament

35
Q

What is the dental arch form ultimately determined by ?

A

Balance between facial an intraoral musculature

36
Q

Growth of oral structures is mainly influenced by factors that are -

A

Hereditary - influenced by environment

37
Q

Growth Spurts

A
  1. Just before birth
  2. Infantile or childhood growth spurts - upto 3 years of age
  3. Mixed dentition growth spurts / juvenile growth spurts - boys - 8-11 years , Girls - 7-9 years
  4. Pre-pubertal growth spurts / adolescent growth spurts - boys 14-16, Girls - 11-13
38
Q

Duration of adolescence in boys is -

A

5 years

39
Q

Mandibular condyles grow by which mechanism?

A

Endochondral bone formation

All other areas of the mandible-formed& grow by direct surface aposition

40
Q

Maximum increase in height of children is seen at -

A

1st year

41
Q

Maturation of oral function - a gradient

A

Maturation of oral function can be characterised in general as following a gradient from anterior to posterior.
At birth, the lips are relatively mature and capable of vigorous suckling activity, whereas more posterior structures are quiet immature.
as time passes, greater activity by the posterior parts of tongue and more complex motions of the pharyngeal structures are acquired.

42
Q

5 principal stages in craniofacial development

A
  1. Germ layer formation and initial organisation of craniofacial structures
  2. Neural tube formation and initial formation of the oropharynx
  3. Origins, migrations and interactions of cell populations, especially neural crest cells
  4. Formation of organ systems, especially the pharyngeal arches and the primary and secondary palates
  5. Lineal differentiation of tissues (skeletal, muscular, and nervous elements)
43
Q

Related Syndromes of each Stage of Craniofacial Development

A
  1. Germ layer formation and initial organisation of craniofacial structures - Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
  2. Neural tube formation and initial formation of the oropharynx - Anencephaly
  3. Origins, migrations and interactions of cell populations, especially neural crest cells - Hemifacial Microsomia, Mandibulo Facial dysostosis (treacher Collin Syndrome), limb Abnormalities
  4. Formation of organ systems, especially the pharyngeal arches and the primary and secondary palates - Cleft lip and/or palate, Cleft other facial structures, Cleft palate.
  5. Lineal differentiation of tissues (skeletal, muscular, and nervous elements) - Achondroplasia, synostosis syndromes
44
Q

Hemifacial Microsomia occurs during?

A

Migration of neural crest cells

45
Q

After the age of 6, the increase in size of the mandible occurs distal of 1st molars-why?

A

The mandible grows in length by resorption at the anterior border and deposition at the posterior border of ramus. This provides the required space for the developing and erupting permanent teeth.

45
Q

What is vital staining ?

A

An experimental method of measuring growth. The method consists of injecting dyes that stain the mineralising tissues.These dyes get deposited in the bones and teeth of the animals - which can be histologically studied.

46
Q

Who introduced vital staining ?

A

John Hunter

47
Q

What are the agents for vital staining ?

A
  1. Alizarin
  2. Tetracycline
  3. Technicium isotope
48
Q

Period of adolescent growth in boys is -

A

5 years

49
Q

The pharyngeal structure established in early age and remain constant throughout life is -?

A

Depth of nasopharynx
- the depth of nasopharynx is established during the first 2 years of life and this dimension remains constant thereafter.

50
Q

Absence of sesamoid bone in girl of age about normal range of puberty is said to have - ___________

A

Delay in reaching puberty

51
Q

Importance of sesamoid bone

A

The sesamoid is a small nodular bone most often present embedded in tendons in the region of the thumb.
Calcification of sesamoid bone is one of the important features of pubertal growth spurt, which is earlier in females than in males.
Absence of sesamoid bone indicates delay in reaching puberty.

52
Q

How many stages of cervical vertebrae growth are present in assessment of age ?

A

6 stages -
stage 1
stage 2
stage 3
stage 4
stage 5
stage 6

53
Q

Stage 1 of cervical vertebrae growth

A

Peak of growth will start not earlier than 2 years after this stage.
c2,c3,c4 - lower borders are flat

54
Q

Stage 2 of cervical vertebrae growth

A

Peak of growth will start 1 year after this stage
c2 - lower borders will show concavity

55
Q

Stage 3 of cervical vertebrae growth

A

Peak of growth starts with in a year from the diagnosis of this stage
c2,c3 lower borders show concavity

56
Q

Stage 4 of cervical vertebrae growth

A

Peak of growth occurred a year or two before this stage
c2,c3,c4 - lower borders show concavities

57
Q

Stage 5 of cervical vertebrae growth

A

Peak of growth ended one year before this stage
c2,c3,c4 - show concavity at the lower borders

58
Q

Stage 6 of cervical vertebrae growth

A

Peak of growth ended at least 2 years before this stage
c2,c3,c4 - concavities at lower borders are marked

59
Q
A

Orthodontics (1 decks)

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